TABLE 1—

Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables, Stratified by Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Regions: US Department of Housing and Urban Development Point-in-Time Counts of Persons Experiencing Homelessness, January 2009

		Metropolitan Regions (n = 274)		Nonmetropolitan Regions (n = 140)
Variable	Source (Year)	Mean ±SD	%	Mean ±SD	%
Dependent variables
Homeless families, per 10 000 families	HUD PIT (2009)	11.51 ±12.52	0.12	13.48 ±28.51	0.13
Homeless families, per 10 000 families in poverty*	HUD PIT (2009)	138.97 ±155.20	1.39	129.20 ±239.66	1.29
Homeless single adults, per 10 000 adults*	HUD PIT (2009)	132.38 ±133.23	1.32	120.73 ±162.72	1.21
Homeless single adults, per 10 000 adults in poverty*	HUD PIT (2009)	675.09 ±675.71	6.75	461.22 ±654.11	4.61
Independent variables
Demographic, behavioral, and public health
Individuals consuming ≥ 2 alcoholic drinks/d, %	BRFSS (2009)	5.09 ±0.94		4.94 ±1.07
Illicit drug users (excluding marijuana) in past mo, per 100 000	NSDUH (2008)	7408.48 ±1393.55		7445.22 ±1446.84
Individuals drug dependent in past y, per 100 000	NSDUH (2008)	1751.95 ±217.38		1749.99 ±196.70
Liquor store density, per 10 000	CHR (2006)	1.04 ±0.64		1.00 ±0.68
Pregnancies with no care in first trimester, %	CHSI (2009)	15.46 ±6.05		17.15 ±5.36
Births to single mothers, %	CHSI (2009)	34.49 ±10.30		35.89 ±6.72
Individuals reporting no social support, %	CHR (2008)	19.80 ±4.11		19.05 ±3.33
Homicides, per 100 000	CHR (2009)	6.79 ±5.17		6.79 ±4.35
Motor vehicle thefts, per 100 000	UCR (2009)	257.05 ±103.63		256.03 ±93.77
Average life expectancy,* y	CHSI (2009)	76.99 ±1.85		76.50 ±1.56
Counties in CoC considered hospital shortage area,* %	CHSI (2009)	12.24 ±32.85		59.68 ±49.25
Religious adherence,a %	RCMS (2010)	47.45 ±10.26		48.03 ±11.97
Economic
Median household income, in $1000s*	ACS (2005–2009)	57.09 ±14.30		44.03 ±6.61
Unemployment, %	ACS (2005–2009)	7.39 ±1.80		7.68 ±1.92
Median property value, in $1000s*	ACS (2005–2009)	245.42 ±143.04		158.86 ±96.81
Overcrowded units (> 1 person/room), %	ACS (2005–2009)	2.21 ±1.78		1.97 ±1.37
Rent cost ≥ 30% income,* %	ACS (2005–2009)	46.58 ±4.69		41.85 ±6.27
Households with mortgage ≥ 30% income,* %	ACS (2005–2009)	37.00 ±8.09		32.89 ±8.30
Renter-occupied housing units,* %	ACS (2005–2009)	32.11 ±8.53		29.25 ±5.94
Units lacking complete plumbing,* %	ACS (2005–2009)	0.26 ±0.42		0.51 ±0.78
Units lacking complete kitchens, %	ACS (2005–2009)	0.67 ±0.50		0.81 ±0.68
Median discretionary income, in $1000s	HAG (2008)	5.57 ±0.65		5.49 ±0.44
Median charitable contribution, in $1000s	HAG (2008)	2.59 ±0.70		2.69 ±0.77
Safety net
Households receiving SSI, %	ACS (2005–2009)	30.28 ±8.05		29.48 ±8.07
Subsidized units/households in poverty,* %	HUD Picture of Subsidized Housing (2008)	23.43 ±10.50		16.39 ±6.35
Medicaid spending as % of total state expenditures	NASBO (2009)	20.88 ±5.70		20.43 ±5.69
TANF expenditures, per capita	NASBO (2009)	14.48 ±15.84		13.81 ±15.17
Nonprofit agencies, per 1000	NCCS (2009)	1.17 ±0.57		1.15 ±0.46

Note. ACS = American Community Survey; BRFSS = Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; CHR = County Health Rankings; CHSI = County Health Status Indicators Report; CoC = continuum of care; HAG = How America Gives; HUD = US Department of Housing and Urban Development; NASBO = National Association of State Budget Officers; NCCS = National Center for Charitable Statistics; NSDUH = National Survey on Drug Use and Health; PIT = point-in-time; RCMS = Religious Congregations and Membership Study; SSI = Supplemental Security Income; TANF = Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; UCR = Uniform Crime Reports. The sample size was n = 414.

^aDefined as affiliation with a congregation.

*Indicates significant differences between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan CoCs after independent-samples t test; P < .01.