TABLE 2—
Risk of Becoming Homeless Subsequent to Military Separation (Between July 1, 2005, and September 30, 2006) by Deployment in OEF-OIF and Gender: US VA- or DoD-Enrolled OEF- and OIF-Era Veterans (n = 310 685), Separation Through September 30, 2010
| OEF–OIF |
Not OEF–OIF |
|||
| Variable | Male (n = 152 592), HR (95% CI) | Female (n = 18 638), HR (95% CI) | Male (n = 110 974), HR (95% CI) | Female (n = 28 481), HR (95% CI) |
| Military pay grade | ** | ** | ** | ** |
| E1–E4 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| E5–E9 | 0.40 (0.37, 0.44) | 0.33 (0.26, 0.42) | 0.27 (0.23, 0.32) | 0.43 (0.32, 0.56) |
| O1–O10 | 0.13 (0.09, 0.20) | 0.14 (0.06, 0.34) | 0.23 (0.16, 0.35) | 0.24 (0.13, 0.46) |
| Other | 0.09 (0.06, 0.14) | 0.20 (0.09, 0.49) | 0.13 (0.08, 0.21) | 0.22 (0.10, 0.48) |
| Branch | ** | ** | ** | |
| Army (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Air Force | 0.52 (0.43, 0.62) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.89) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.22) |
| Marines | 0.83 (0.75, 0.93) | 0.80 (0.48, 1.34) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.96) | 0.75 (0.46, 1.21) |
| Navy | 1.20 (1.07, 1.34) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.38) | 1.35 (1.18, 1.56) | 1.65 (1.32, 2.08) |
| Other | 0.63 (0.16, 2.52) | a | 1.34 (0.97, 1.86) | 1.19 (0.56, 2.53) |
| Character of service | ** | ** | * | |
| Honorable (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BC or dishonorable | 1.79 (0.25, 12.70) | a | 8.18 (4.07, 16.45) | 3.40 (0.47, 24.41) |
| Other than honorable | 2.37 (1.93, 2.92) | 0.76 (0.11, 5.42) | 5.39 (4.23, 6.87) | 2.91 (1.43, 5.95) |
| Uncharacterized or missing | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.04) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.99) | 0.74 (0.51, 1.05) |
| Duty type | ||||
| Active duty (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Reserve or Guard | 0.79** (0.73, 0.86) | 0.74* (0.58, 0.94) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 1.34 (0.96, 1.87) |
| Age, y | ** | * | ** | * |
| 18–24 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 | 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) | 1.50 (1.20, 1.88) | 1.36 (1.20, 1.54) | 1.37 (1.10, 1.70) |
| 35–44 | 1.26 (1.12, 1.42) | 1.57 (1.12, 2.22) | 1.46 (1.21, 1.77) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.32) |
| 45–54 | 1.37 (1.14, 1.64) | 1.34 (0.75, 2.40) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.77) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.80) |
| 55–64 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.13) | 3.45 (1.04, 11.45) | 0.83 (0.40, 1.70) | 0.35 (0.05, 2.60) |
| Traumatic brain injury | 1.20 (0.98, 1.46) | 1.23 (0.54, 2.79) | 1.59* (1.18, 2.15) | 1.64 (0.85, 3.20) |
| Behavioral health disordersb | ||||
| PTSD | 1.24** (1.09, 1.41) | 1.57* (1.09, 2.26) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.34) |
| Adjustment disorders | 1.53** (1.37, 1.71) | 1.28 (0.96, 1.71) | 1.45** (1.23, 1.72) | 1.60** (1.26, 2.05) |
| Anxiety disordersc | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.31) | 1.38** (1.15, 1.67) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) |
| Mood disorders | 1.41** (1.25, 1.59) | 1.31 (0.96, 1.77) | 1.62** (1.37, 1.92) | 1.79** (1.40, 2.29) |
| Personality disorders | 1.46** (1.24, 1.72) | 1.49 (1.00, 2.22) | 1.39* (1.12, 1.73) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49) |
| Psychotic disorders | 1.57** (1.22, 2.04) | 4.22** (2.16, 8.23) | 2.66** (2.04, 3.47) | 3.18** (1.87, 5.39) |
| Substance use | 2.59** (2.33, 2.87) | 1.85** (1.28, 2.67) | 2.72** (2.34, 3.16) | 2.03** (1.47, 2.82) |
Note. BC = bad conduct discharge; CI = confidence interval; DoD = US Department of Defense; E = enlisted; HR = hazard ratio; ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; NS = nonsignificant (i.e., P > .05); O = officer; OEF = Operation Enduring Freedom; OIF = Operation Iraqi Freedom; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; VA = Department of Veterans Affairs. 5-year adjusted incidence rates (%) are as follows: for OEF–OIF, 4.9 and 4.8 for men and women, respectively, and for not OEF–OIF, 3.7 and 4.1 for men and women, respectively.
Insufficient number of observations to generate a valid coefficient.
All diagnoses were made in the 1-year period before separation from the military. The behavioral health categories used here are based on groupings of ICD-9-CM diagnoses, following the conventions used in Hoge et al.19: any behavioral health disorder (290–319), adjustment disorders (309.0, 309.24, 309.28, 309.3, 309.4, 309.9), anxiety disorders (excluding PTSD; 300.01–300.03, 300.21, 300.22, 300.23, 300.29, 300.3, 308.3), PTSD (309.81), mood disorders (296.0, 296.2–296.7, 296.80, 296.89, 296.90, 300.4, 301.13, 311), major depression (296.2 and 296.3), personality disorders (301.0, 301.2, 301.4, 301.50, 301.6, 301.7, 301.81–301.84, 301.89, 301.9), psychotic disorders (295.1–295.4, 295.6, 295.7, 295.9, 297.1, 297.3, 298.8, 298.9), and substance use (291; 292, except 292.2; 303–305, except 305.1 and 305.8).
Anxiety disorder category does not include PTSD diagnosis (309.81).
*P < .05. **P < .001.