TABLE 1—
Characteristics of 4 Latent Classes of Homeless Veterans, Risk Profiles, and Relation to Program Referral and Admissions: Homeless Operations Management and Evaluation System, Department of Veterans Affairs, United States, 2011–2012
| Individual characteristics | Total Sample (n = 120 852), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Relatively Few Problems (n = 26 888), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Dual Diagnosis (n = 33 245), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Poverty–Substance Abuse–Incarceration (n = 48 183), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Disabling Medical Problems (n = 12 536), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Group Comparisona P < .001 |
| Age, y | 49.92 ±11.54 | 47.82 ±13.35 | 50.04 ±10.94 | 49.33 ±10.49 | 56.38 ±10.39 | 4 > 2 > 3 > 1 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 103 109 (92.23) | 19 554 (82.46) | 28 336 (92.32) | 43 853 (96.68) | 11 366 (94.50) | 3 > 4 > 2 > 1 |
| Female | 8684 (7.77) | 4158 (17.54) | 2357 (7.68) | 1508 (3.32) | 661 (5.50) | |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 63 529 (55.15) | 13 011 (55.12) | 18 701 (57.74) | 25 408 (54.11) | 6409 (52.39) | 2 > 1 > 4; 2 > 3 |
| Black | 47 612 (41.33) | 9708 (41.13) | 12 593 (38.88) | 19 902 (42.38) | 5409 (44.22) | |
| Other | 4045 (3.51) | 886 (3.75) | 1095 (3.38) | 1649 (3.51) | 415 (3.39) | |
| Married | 12 758 (10.92) | 3680 (15.31) | 3008 (9.17) | 4705 (9.89) | 1365 (11.01) | 1 > 4 > 2,3 |
| Years of education | 12.95 ±1.85 | 13.30 ±1.97 | 12.90 ±1.87 | 12.82 ±1.70 | 12.89 ±2.01 | 1 > 2,3,4 |
| Days living in past mo | ||||||
| Own place | 4.20 ±9.84 | 6.54 ±11.85 | 3.87 ±9.38 | 2.76 ±8.18 | 6.03 ±11.36 | 1 > 4 > 2 > 3 |
| Someone else’s place | 7.77 ±12.11 | 10.69 ±13.43 | 7.03 ±11.50 | 6.68 ±11.48 | 8.31 ±12.44 | 1 > 4 > 2 > 3 |
| Residential/transitional | 6.20 ±11.27 | 4.99 ±10.34 | 7.70 ±12.07 | 5.68 ±10.94 | 6.58 ±11.57 | 2 > 4 > 3 > 1 |
| Institution | 5.42 ±10.80 | 0.74 ±4.05 | 5.34 ±10.16 | 8.71 ±13.05 | 1.95 ±6.45 | 3 > 2 > 4 > 1 |
| Homeless | 6.94 ±11.57 | 6.94 ±11.57 | 6.05 ±10.80 | 6.16 ±11.12 | 7.11 ±11.65 | 1,4 > 2,3 |
| Chronically homeless | 37 623 (32.38) | 5577 (23.49) | 12 707 (38.90) | 14 506 (30.62) | 4833 (38.96) | 4,2 > 1,3 |
| Any incarceration history | 81 361 (71.59) | 1242 (5.33) | 25 788 (80.84) | 45 216 (97.27) | 9115 (76.24) | 1 > 4 > 2 > 3 |
| Employment history, past 3 y | ||||||
| Not employed | 71 628 (61.23) | 13 875 (58.17) | 7322 (22.21) | 24 165 (50.69) | 0 (0.00) | 1 > 3 > 2 > 4 |
| Full-time/part-time | 45 362 (38.77) | 9979 (41.83) | 25 646 (77.79) | 23 510 (49.31) | 12 493 (100.0) | |
| Income | ||||||
| < $600/mo | 66 509 (57.71) | 11 936 (50.86) | 13 995 (43.23) | 40 531 (86.36) | 47 (0.38) | 3 > 1 > 2 > 4 |
| ≥ $600/mo | 48 734 (42.29) | 11 533 (49.14) | 18 380 (56.77) | 6401 (13.64) | 12 420 (99.62) | |
| Income sources, $ | ||||||
| Employment | 125.67 ±635.70 | 224.65 ±947.77 | 84.56 ±413.31 | 115.41 ±595.91 | 61.78 ±348.44 | 1 > 3 > 2 > 4 |
| Disability | 350.61 ±906.76 | 240.80 ±655.68 | 623.35 ±1249.25 | 75.46 ±405.05 | 920.39 ±1181.74 | 4 > 2 > 1 > 3 |
| Rating of physical health | ||||||
| Excellent/very good | 19 855 (17.22) | 4609 (19.65) | 3959 (12.20) | 10 269 (21.82) | 1018 (8.25) | 3 > 1 > 2 > 4 |
| Good/fair | 76 498 (66.33) | 15 538 (66.23) | 21 951 (67.62) | 30 916 (65.70) | 8093 (65.57) | |
| Poor | 18 968 (16.45) | 3312 (14.12) | 6552 (20.18) | 5873 (12.48) | 3231 (26.18) | |
| Psychiatric diagnoses | ||||||
| Affective disorder | 42 202 (34.92) | 7446 (27.70) | 15 955 (47.99) | 14 077 (29.22) | 4724 (37.68) | 2 > 4 > 3 > 1 |
| Military-related PTSD | 18 738 (15.51) | 3865 (14.38) | 8711 (26.20) | 3779 (7.84) | 2383 (19.01) | |
| Other anxiety disorder | 20 445 (16.92) | 3866 (14.38) | 7996 (24.05) | 6429 (13.34) | 2154 (17.18) | |
| Substance use disorder | 63 435 (52.49) | 3180 (11.83) | 23 949 (72.04) | 29 499 (61.22) | 6807 (54.30) | |
| Psychotic disorder | 17 077 (14.13) | 485 (1.80) | 14 135 (42.52) | 1686 (3.50) | 771 (6.15) | |
| Any psychiatric hospitalizations | 40 064 (34.73) | 2496 (10.67) | 31 873 (97.19) | 4637 (9.86) | 1058 (8.71) | 2 > 1,3 > 4 |
Note. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder. Percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.
a
Analysis of variance was conducted on continuous variables and χ2 test on categorical variables. Post hoc comparisons were conducted with Tukey’s honestly significant difference test and pairwise χ2 test.