TABLE 3—
Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for Predictors of Medical or Surgical Hospitalization: Toronto, Ontario, 2005–2009
| Univariate Model |
Multivariate Model |
|||
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | P |
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Demographic group | ||||
| Single adult men (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Single adult women | 0.92 (0.65, 1.30) | .639 | 0.84 (0.58, 1.21) | .339 |
| Family adult | 0.60 (0.41, 0.88) | .01 | 0.63 (0.42, 0.96) | .031 |
| Age, y | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | < .001 | ||
| Lifetime duration of homelessness, y | ||||
| < 2 (Ref) | 1.00 | |||
| ≥ 2 | 1.19 (0.89, 1.59) | .249 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White (Ref) | 1.00 | |||
| Black | 0.59 (0.40, 0.88) | .01 | ||
| Aboriginal | 1.59 (0.99, 2.56) | .055 | ||
| Other visible minorities | 0.62 (0.39, 1.01) | .052 | ||
| Place of birth | ||||
| Outside Canada (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Canada | 1.62 (1.16, 2.26) | .005 | 1.48 (1.03, 2.12) | .035 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| ≤ some high school (Ref) | 1.00 | |||
| High school diploma or equivalent | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) | .082 | ||
| ≥ college/vocational training | 0.94 (0.67, 1.31) | .7 | ||
| History of traumatic brain injury | 1.17 (0.87, 1.56) | .302 | ||
| Physical assault in past 12 mo | 1.16 (0.85, 1.60) | .352 | ||
| Sexual assault in past 12 mo | 2.01 (1.16, 3.48) | .014 | ||
| Current smoker | 1.39 (1.00, 1.95) | .053 | ||
| Alcohol problem in past 30 da | 1.17 (0.85, 1.60) | .333 | ||
| Drug problem in past 30 da | 1.17 (0.87, 1.57) | .306 | ||
| Mental health problem in past 30 da | 1.14 (0.85, 1.53) | .388 | ||
| Propensity to underseek care score | ||||
| 0 (Ref) | 1.00 | |||
| 1 | 0.97 (0.67, 1.42) | .893 | ||
| ≥ 2 | 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) | .374 | ||
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Monthly income, Can $ | ||||
| < 500 (Ref) | 1.00 | |||
| 500–999 | 1.50 (1.07, 2.11) | .019 | ||
| ≥ 1000 | 1.24 (0.86, 1.81) | .254 | ||
| Has a primary care provider | 1.99 (1.36, 2.90) | < .001 | 1.77 (1.18, 2.67) | .006 |
| Unmet need for health care | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | .92 | ||
| Unmet need for mental health care | 1.27 (0.81, 2.00) | .293 | ||
| Competing priorities | 0.89 (0.45, 1.73) | .719 | ||
| MHLC internal control subscale score | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | .214 | ||
| MHLC external control from chance subscale score | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | .583 | ||
| MHLC external control from powerful others subscale score | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | < .001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | .006 |
| Social support—loan | 0.83 (0.59, 1.18) | .305 | ||
| Social support—ride to appointment | 0.74 (0.53, 1.03) | .07 | ||
| Social support—suicide | 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) | .453 | ||
| Need factors | ||||
| PCS-12 score | 0.96 (0.94, 0.97) | < .001 | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | .003 |
| MCS-12 score | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | .373 | ||
| No. of chronic health conditionsb | ||||
| None (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 1 | 1.68 (1.12, 2.51) | .011 | 1.46 (0.95, 2.22) | .081 |
| 2 | 2.81 (1.84, 4.28) | < .001 | 2.09 (1.31, 3.33) | .002 |
| ≥ 3 | 4.39 (2.88, 6.71) | < .001 | 2.59 (1.55, 4.31) | < .001 |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; MCS = Mental Component Summary; MHLC = Multidimensional Health Locus of Control; PCS = Physical Component Summary.
a
Alcohol, drug, and mental health problems in the past 30 days were assessed using the Addiction Severity Index.19,20
b
Chronic health conditions include diabetes, anemia, hypertension, heart disease and stroke, liver problems (including chronic viral hepatitis), arthritis or joint problems, cancer, physical handicaps, or HIV/AIDS.