Table 2.
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and circulating markers of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, in response to 6 months of nutritional supplementation or control.
| Supplements (n=28) | Control (n=26) | Adjusted Difference Between Groups | Between Group P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Mass and Composition | |||||||||
| Body mass, kg Baseline 6 months Change |
73.8 ± 2.3 74.2 ± 2.5 0.3 ± 0.4 |
72.8 ± 1.8 73.1 ± 1.7 0.2 ± 0.4 |
0.1 ± 0.6 | 0.91 | |||||
| Body fat, % Baseline 6 months Change |
30.1 ± 1.1 29.9 ± 1.0 −0.2 ± 0.3 |
30.2 ± 1.7 30.3 ± 1.8 0.2 ± 0.3 |
−0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.70 | |||||
| Lipids | |||||||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL Baseline 6 months Change |
79 ± 12 75 ± 6 −4 ± 11 |
78 ± 8 87 ± 8 8 ± 4 |
−12 ± 8 | 0.16 | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL Baseline 6 months Change |
186 ± 6 186 ± 6 −1 ± 4 |
189 ± 6 192 ± 5 4 ± 4 |
−5 ± 5 | 0.32 | |||||
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL Baseline 6 months Change |
110 ± 6 111 ± 5 1 ± 3 |
114 ± 6 115 ± 5 1 ± 4 |
−1 ± 5 | 0.80 | |||||
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL Baseline 6 months Change |
61 ± 3 59 ± 3 −2 ± 2 |
61 ± 3 60 ± 3 −1 ± 2 |
−1 ± 2 | 0.59 | |||||
| Glucoregulatory Function | Fasting glucose, mg/dL Baseline 6 months Change |
80 ± 2 83 ± 2 3 ± 2 |
84 ± 2 85 ± 2 1 ± 2 |
−1 ± 2 | 0.70 | ||||
| Fasting insulin, μU/mL Baseline 6 months Change |
3.3 ± 0.3 3.6 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.3 |
2.8 ± 0.3 2.9 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.2 |
0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.41 | |||||
| HOMA-IR Baseline 6 months Change |
0.64 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.09 0.10 ± 0.06 |
0.60 ± 0.06 0.63 ± 0.06 0.03 ± 0.04 |
0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.32 | |||||
| Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress Markers | CRP, mg/L Baseline 6 months Change |
1.69 ± 0.48 1.51 ± 0.20 −0.17 ± 0.49 |
1.21 ± 0.52 1.44 ± 0.56 0.23 ± 0.10* |
−0.20 ± 0.43 | 0.46 | ||||
| TNFα, pg/mL Baseline 6 months Change |
1.92 ± 0.09 1.94 ± 0.09 0.02 ± 0.05 |
2.10 ± 0.18 2.13 ± 0.19 0.03 ± 0.14 |
−0.05 ± 0.14 | 0.70 | |||||
| IL-6, pg/mL Baseline 6 months Change |
1.26 ± 0.26 1.35 ± 0.23 0.08 ± 0.08 |
1.39 ± 0.31 1.68 ± 0.32 0.29 ± 0.20 |
−0.22 ± 0.20 | 0.27 | |||||
| Protein carbonyl, nmol/mg Baseline 6 months Change |
0.83 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.03 −0.07 ± 0.04 |
0.79 ± 0.03 0.82 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.03 |
−0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.14 | |||||
| AGEs, ng/mL Baseline 6 months Change |
307 ± 14 287 ± 12 −20 ± 13 |
272 ± 13 270 ± 12 −2 ± 12 |
1 ± 14 | 0.96 | |||||
| White Cell Counts and Growth Factors | |||||||||
| WBC, k/cumm Baseline 6 months Change |
5.1 ± 0.2 5.0 ± 0.2 −0.1 ± 0.2 |
4.8 ± 0.2 5.1 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.2 |
−0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.20 | |||||
| Lymphocytes, k/cumm Baseline 6 months Change |
1.50 ± 0.05 1.42 ± 0.06 −0.08 ± 0.04* |
1.42 ± 0.09 1.44 ± 0.10 0.02 ± 0.05 |
−0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.11 | |||||
| IGF-1, ng/mL Baseline 6 months Change |
145 ± 6 151 ± 7 6 ± 5 |
148 ± 7 144 ± 6 −4 ± 4 |
9 ± 6 | 0.15 | |||||
Values are arithmetic means ± SE except for mean differences between groups which have been adjusted for baseline values. Between-group P values reflect the between-group comparison change-scores from ANCOVAs that included baseline values as the covariate. *Significant (p≤0.05) within-group change. Triglyceride data were also adjusted for a significant effect of age on the baseline to follow up changes. Within-group P values are from paired t-tests. LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein, TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6, interleukin-6; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; WBC, white blood cells; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1. To convert units to SI units, multiply the conventional units by the following conversion factors: triglycerides × 0.0113 = mmol/L; total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol × 0.0259 = mmol/L; glucose × 0.0555 = mmol/L; insulin × 6.945 = pmol/L.