Table 2.
Summary of studies included in the review.
| Reference (Year) |
Study design |
Level of evidence |
Sports | Number of teams |
Age (mean±SD)f |
Type | Length | Frequency | Weekly time spent during in-season |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hewett et al. (1999) | Prospective non-randomized cohort | II | Soccer Volley ball Basket ball | 15 teams (C) 15 teams (I) |
14 – 18 yr (range) | Stretching, plyometrics, Weight training | 60 – 90 minutes | 3 days per week in pre-season | N/Ae |
| Soderman et al. (2000)a | Prospective randomized control | II | Soccer | 6 teams (C) 7 teams (I) |
C:20.4±5.4 yr I: 20.4 ±4.6 yr |
Balance with balance boards | 10 – 15 minutes | Each day for 30 days. 3 days per week rest of the season | 10–15 min |
| Heidt et al. (2000)b | Prospective randomized control | I | Soccer | 258 individuals (C) 42 individuals (I) |
14 – 18 yr (range) | Cardiovascular, Plyometrics, Strength, flexibility, agility, and sports specific drills | 75 minutes | 3 days per week in pre-season | N/Ae |
| Myklebust et al. (2003) | Prospective non-randomized cross over | II | Handball | 60 teams (1st yr) 58 teams (2nd yr) 52 teams (3rd yr) |
21–22 yr | Balance with mats and wobble boards | 15 minutes | 3 days per week for 5–7 weeks. Once a week for rest of the season | 15 min |
| Mandelbaum et al. (2005) | Prospective non-randomized cohort | II | Soccer | 207 teams (C) 97 teams (I) |
14–18 yr (range) | Basic warm-up, stretching, strengthening, plyometrics, and agility | 20 minutes | 2–3 times per week in in-season | 40–60 min |
| Olsen et al. (2005) | Prospective cluster randomized controlled | I | Handball | 59 teams (C) 61 teams (I) |
16–17 yr | Warm-up, technique, balance, strength and power | 15–20 minutes | 15 consecutive sessions. Once a week for rest of the season | 15–20 min |
| Petersen et al. (2005)c | Prospective matched cohort | II | Handball | 10 teams (C) 10 teams (I) |
C:19.8 I: 19.4 yr |
Education, balance-board exercise, jump training | 10 minutes | 3 times per week in pre-season. Once per week for rest of the season | 10 min |
| Pfeiffer et al. (2006) | Prospective non-randomized cohort | II | Soccer Volley ball Basket ball | 69 teams (C) 43 teams (I) |
14–18 yr (range) | Plyometrics | 20 minutes | 2 times per week in in-season | 40 min |
| Steffen et al. (2008) | Prospective block randomized controlled | I | Soccer | 51 teams (C) 58 teams (I) |
15.4 yr | Core stability, balance, plyometrics | 15 minutes | 15 consecutive sessions. Once a week for rest of the season | 15 min |
| Gilchrist et al. (2008) | Prospective cluster randomized controlled | I | Soccer | 35 teams (C) 26 teams (I) |
C:19.9 yr I: 19.9 yr |
Basic warm-up, stretching, strengthening, plyometrics, and agility | 20 minutes | 3 times per week in in-season | 60 min |
| Pasanen et al. (2008) | Prospective cluster randomized controlled | I | Floorball | 14 teams (C) 14 teams (I) |
24 yr | Running techniques, balance and body control, plyometrics, strengthening | 20–30 minutes | 2–3 times per week for pre-season (intensive training period) and once a week in in-season (maintenance period) | 40–90 min |
| Kiani et al. (2010)d | Prospective cluster non-randomized cohort | II | Soccer | 49 teams (C) 48 teams (I) |
C: 15.0 I: 14.7 yr |
Core strengthening, balance | 20–25 minutes | 2 days per week for 2 months. Once a week for rest of the season | 20–25 min |
| LaBella et al. (2011) | Prospective cluster randomized controlled | I | Soccer Basket ball | 53 teams (C) 53 teams (I) |
C: 16.2 I: 16.2 yr |
Strengthening, plyometrics, balance, agility | 20 minutes | 3 times per week in pre-and in-season | 60 min |
| Walden et al. (2012) | Prospective cluster randomized controlled | I | Soccer | 109 teams (C) 121 teams (I) |
C: 14.1 I: 14.0 yr |
Core stability, balance, jump-landing with knee alignment feedback | 15 minutes | 2 times per week. | 30 min |
a
Although the study was a randomized controlled design, the follow-up rate was low (51.2%). Therefore, the level of evidence was rated as II.
b
For the analysis purpose, data from 1st year intervention year was only used.
c
Although there was no specific statement, the neuromuscular training indicated plyometric components.
d
Although there were jump-landing maneuvers, repeated stretch-shortening cycle were not employed in the training.
e
The NMT was performed only during a pre-season. N/A stands for Not Applicable.
f
Unless otherwise indicated.
“C” stands for control group. “I” stands for Intervention group.