Figure 4.

Relationship between cytokine concentrations and frequency of activated T-cell subsets in blood and semen. A, The CD8⁺CCR5⁺, (B) CD8⁺CD38⁺, and (C) CD4⁺CD38⁺ T-cell relationship with cytokines in blood and semen of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men. β coefficients were calculated using linear regression for each of the 20 cytokines, adjusting for HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and sexually transmitted infection status in each compartment. A positive β coefficient indicates that higher concentrations of the cytokine are associated with elevated frequencies of activated T cells, while a negative β coefficient indicates an inverse association. Associations that were significant (P ≤ .05) after adjusting for multiple comparisons are shown in black. Abbreviations: G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.