Table 2.
Cytokine and Chemokine Concentrations in Blood and Semen of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Uninfected, HIV-Infected (Antiretroviral [ARV]-naive), and HIV-infected (ARV-treated) Men
| Cytokines/Chemokines | Median Concentration (IQR)a |
P Valueb |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV- |
Untreated |
HAART+ |
||||||
| Proinflammatory | Blood | Semen | Blood | Semen | Blood | Semen | Blood | Semen |
| IL-1α | - | 16.3 (5.5–32.9) | - | 17.2 (5.3–79.3) | - | 17.4 (6.5–82) | - | 0.48 |
| IL-1β | 0.15 (0.04–0.33) | 0.25 (0.08–0.4) | 0.26 (0.012–0.59) | 0.17 (0.05–0.69) | 0.09 (0.012–0.35) | 0.32 (0.044–1) | 0.14 | 0.82 |
| IL-6 | 6.5 (4–12.3) | 32.5 (6.8–118.3) | 6.6 (4–14.1) | 22 (8.7–122) | 5.5 (3.2–9.2) | 33.4 (7.3–147.2) | 0.67 | 0.98 |
| IL-8 | 2.3 (0.27–4.7) | 1486 (241–2771) | 2.5 (1.07–3.7) | 1110 (643–2115) | 2.8 (0.04–9.2) | 1141 (540.5–2947) | 0.8 | 0.86 |
| IL-12p40 | 5.4 (0.47–44.7) | 2.8 (1.3–3.5) | 0.47 (0.47–46.1) | 1.9 (1.4–3.5) | 0.47 (0.47–3.07) | 3.1 (1.78–9.85) | 0.21 | 0.2 |
| IL-12p70 | 0.01 (0.01–0.17) | 0.05 (0.03–1.9) | 0.01 (0.01–1.16) | 0.036 (0.02–0.99) | 0.01 (0.01–0.01) | 1.2 (0.036–2.57) | 0.39 | 0.21 |
| TNF-α | 5.9 (4.6–7) | 1.82 (0.79–4.5) | 10.1 (7.02–12.5) | 1.2 (0.57–3.95) | 7.6 (6.4–9.8) | 1.88 (0.27–5.9) | 0.0003 | 0.88 |
| Eotaxin | 89.1 (37.8–182.8) | 23 (4.4–38.9) | 89.2 (59–195.1) | 16.3 (8.6–37.9) | 49.8 (44.2–68.3) | 28.2 (23.3–41.3) | 0.083 | 0.28 |
| Fractalkine | 42.6 (11.1–102.3) | 802.9 (333–1636) | 42.6 (18.8–82.4) | 655.8 (251–1489) | 0.59 (0.59–42.6) | 875.6 (250–1019) | 0.021 | 0.66 |
| MCP-1 | 216.7 (174.1–301.1) | 14 110 (3908–31 028) | 221.3 (168.4–364.7) | 9805 (3211–18 029) | 220.3 (155.2–303.8) | 17 720 (7486–27 430) | 0.72 | 0.18 |
| MIP-1α | 1.95 (1.95–9.52) | 3.15 (1.3–4.9) | 1.95 (1.95–7.24) | 7.5 (2.3–36) | 1.95 (1.95–5.9) | 15.7 (5.5–86.4) | 0.67 | 0.013 |
| MIP-1β | 8.7 (1.5–12.7) | 78.1 (31.9–112.2) | 3.01 (1.5–12.7) | 53 (35.4–171.6) | 5.1 (1.5–16.1) | 83.4 (30.2–195.8) | 0.85 | 0.92 |
| RANTES | 2809 (1997–3156) | 370.9 (189.2–649.3) | 2663 (2080–3207) | 266.5 (98.6–818.3) | 2637 (2483–3332) | 419.5 (178.6–1239) | 0.97 | 0.56 |
| G-CSF | 25.8 (15.5–47.8) | 29.5 (12.2–60.5) | 40.02 (24.6–53.2) | 21.2 (7.5–84.3) | 23.3 (15.5–30.7) | 20 (12.9–58.1) | 0.034 | 0.48 |
| GM-CSF | 0.01 (0.01–0.86) | 2.4 (0.65–7.35) | 0.26 (0.01–0.69) | 2.9 (1.6–6.2) | 0.02 (0.01–0.69) | 5.05 (2.1–14.7) | 0.76 | 0.38 |
| Regulatory | ||||||||
| IL-10 | 1.26 (0.88–2.02) | 27.1 (7.1–52.4) | 2.02 (1.26–2.8) | 10.9 (2.02–17.5) | 1.07 (0.88–1.5) | 7.7 (0.8–24.5) | 0.021 | 0.035 |
| Adaptive | ||||||||
| IFN-γ | 0.86 (0.37–2.9) | 6.3 (2.7–21.9) | 2.4 (0.86–7.8) | 5.6 (1.9–10.2) | 1.21 (0.37–1.33) | 9.8 (0.78–40.5) | 0.039 | 0.75 |
| IL-2 | 0.1 (0.01–0.98) | 0.4 (0.03–2.56) | 0.47 (0.05–1.39) | 0.2 (0.026–1.22) | 0.08 (0.01–0.86) | 1.6 (0.022–3.52) | 0.24 | 0.71 |
| IL-7 | 3.12 (1.27–7.44) | 786.4 (395.9–1930) | 3.13 (1.5–5.26) | 715.8 (347–1865) | 1.91 (0.54–4.9) | 524.4 (414–2011) | 0.43 | 0.8 |
| IL-15 | 0.37 (0.25–1.25) | 27.8 (8.8–45.4) | 0.25 (0.25–1.25) | 27.6 (10.1–64.8) | 0.25 (0.25–0.25) | 30.7 (27.6–39.5) | 0.065 | 0.74 |
Abbreviations: ARV, antiretroviral; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IQR, interquartile range; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
a IQR, Interquartile range.
b P-value: Kruskal-Wallis significance between 3 groups.