Table 1.
Sample demographics (N = 279).
| Chronic patients | First episode patients | ARMS | Relatives | Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (% of total sample) | 48 (17.2%) | 46 (16.5%) | 33 (11.8%) | 45 (16.1%) | 107 (38.4%) |
| Age (mean years ± SD) | 41.8 ± 11.3 | 25.0 ± 3.9 | 23.8 ± 4.0 | 48.8 ± 16.1 | 31.6 ± 13.3 |
| Statistics (p value)a | t = − 4.6 (< 0.001) | t = 4.7 (< 0.001) | t = 5.4 (< 0.001) | t = − 6.3 (< 0.001) | |
| Gender (% male, male/female) | 64.6% (31/17) | 69.6% (32/14) | 60.6% (20/13) | 44.4% (20/25) | 51.4% (55/52) |
| Statistics (p value)a | χ2 = 2.3 (0.16) | χ2 = 4.3 (0.05) | χ2 = 0.9 (0.43) | χ2 = 0.6 (0.48) | |
| Diagnoses (N, % of group) | |||||
| Schizophrenia | 33 (68.8%) | 12 (26.1%) | – | – | – |
| Schizoaffective disorder | 8 (16.7%) | 1 (2.2%) | – | – | – |
| Brief psychotic disorder | 1 (2.1%) | – | – | – | – |
| Schizophreniform psychosis | – | 26 (56.5%) | – | – | – |
| Bipolar I Disorder | 5 (10.4%) | 4 (8.7%) | – | – | – |
| Psychotic disorder NOS | 1 (2.1%) | 3 (6.5%) | – | – | – |
| “At risk mental state”b | – | – | 33 (100.0%) | – | – |
| Non-psychotic depressive illness (incl. MDD) | – | – | 9 (27.3%)c | 17 (37.8%) | 7 (6.5%) |
| Anxiety disorder (incl. GAD) | – | – | 3 (9.1%)c | 5 (11.1%) | – |
| Substance Abuse | – | – | 4 (12.1%)c | – | 1 (0.1%) |
| Personality Disorder | – | – | 2 (6.1%)c | – | – |
| No psychiatric illness | – | – | – | 23 (51.1%) | 99 (92.5%) |
| Medication (N, % of group)d | |||||
| No psychotropic medication | 5 (10.4%) | 6 (17.1%) | 33 (100%) | 45 (100%) | 107 (100%) |
| Amisulpiride | 5 (10.4%) | 1 (2.9%) | – | – | – |
| Aripiprazole | 4 (8.3%) | 5 (14.3%) | – | – | – |
| Clozapine | 7 (14.6%) | – | – | – | – |
| Flupentixol | 4 (8.3%) | – | – | – | – |
| Olanzapine | 14 (29.2%) | 10 (28.6%) | – | – | – |
| Quetiapine | 3 (6.3%) | 1 (2.9%) | – | – | – |
| Risperidone | 5 (10.4%) | 11 (31.4%) | – | – | – |
| Other antipsychotic | 9 (18.8%) | 1 (2.9%) | – | – | – |
| Lithium or Sodium Valproate | 9 (18.8%) | 6 (17.1%) | – | – | – |
| Antidepressant | 17 (35.4) | 4 (11.4%) | |||
| Years in education (M ± SD)e | 12.9 ± 2.2 | 14.4 ± 2.9 | 14.1 ± 3.1 | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 14.4 ± 2.6 |
| Ethnicity (N, % of group) | |||||
| Caucasian | 44 (91.7%) | 8 (17.4%) | 20 (60.6%) | 43 (95.6%) | 76 (71.0%) |
| African/Caribbean | 2 (4.2%) | 30 (65.2%) | 8 (24.2%) | 1 (2.2%) | 25 (23.5%) |
| Other/Mixed | 2 (4.2%) | 8 (17.4%) | 5 (15.2%) | 1 (2.2%) | 6 (5.6%) |
| EEG lab (N) | |||||
| A (64 channels) | – | – | 33 | – | 45 |
| B (40 channels) | 48 | 46 | – | 45 | 62 |
ARMS = At risk mental state; MDD = Major Depressive Disorder; GAD = Generalised Anxiety Disorder;
2-tailed t-tests for age and chi square tests for gender, each group compared against the control group;
ARMS criteria: 67% attenuated psychotic symptoms, 10% brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS), 10% BLIPS and attenuated symptoms, 3% genetic risk with a decline in function, 10% genetic risk with a decline in function and attenuated symptoms;
These individuals had a history of a non-psychotic illness in addition to an “at-risk mental state”;
Data available for 76.1% of first episode group, percentage of 35 first episode patients with information available has been reported.
Data available for 78.9% of the total sample.