. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 29.

Published in final edited form as: Osteoporos Int. 2014 Mar;25(3):1033–1041. doi: 10.1007/s00198-013-2501-8

Table 4.

Final model parameters from multistage, stepwise regression analyses assessing the relation between dietary omega 3 and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD), n =1,445

	Lumbar spine BMD^a β±SE	p value
Model R²	28.6 %
Gender	−0.0587±0.0056	<0.001^*
Ethnicity		<0.001^*
Mexican (ref)	–
Hispanic and other	0.0142±0.0114
White	0.0290±0.0073
Black	0.0726±0.0090
Income		0.044^*
Level 1 (ref)	–
Level 2	0.0229±0.0067
Level 3	0.0206±0.0080
Level 4	0.0169±0.0079
Level 5	0.0206±0.0106
BMI	0.0050±0.0004	<0.001^*
HRT	0.0707±0.0163	<0.001^*
Alcohol consumption		<0.005^*
<1 drink/month or unknown (ref)	–
≥1 drink/month and <1 drink/week	0.0413±0.0118
≥1 drink/week and <1 drink/day	0.0148±0.0054
≥1 drink per day	0.0233±0.0106
Dietary calcium^a	0.0079±0.0039	0.051
Omega 3 supplement use	0.0211±0.0276	0.005^*
Marine derived dietary omega 3^a	0.0091±0.0276	0.743

HRT hormone replacement therapy use, BMI body mass index

p ≤0.05

Lumbar spine BMD square root transformed; dietary calcium fourth root transformed, marine-derived dietary omega 3 presented as the log of reported intakes plus 1 to correct for distribution skewness