Table 1.

Baseline characteristics by diabetes status at follow-up

Characteristic	No diabetes	Diabetes	p value
n	728	138	–
Age (years)a	54.3±0.3	56.2±0.7	0.007
Femalea	56.5 (52.8, 60.0)	60.1 (51.8, 68.0)	0.422
Ethnicitya
African-American	25.7 (22.6, 29.0)	25.4 (18.8, 33.3)	0.936
Hispanic	34.1 (30.7, 37.6)	37.7 (30.0, 46.0)	0.413
Non-Hispanic white	40.2 (36.7, 43.9)	37.0 (29.3, 45.3)	0.469
Cigarette smokinga
Never smokers	48.4 (44.7, 50.2)	38.4 (30.7, 46.8)	0.032
Former smokers	39.3 (35.8, 42.9)	36.2 (28.7, 44.6)	0.500
Current smokers	12.4 (10.2, 15.0)	25.4 (18.8, 33.3)	<0.001
Cigarettes per day among current smokersa	15.2±1.5	14.7±2.4	0.860
BMI (kg/m2)	27.9±0.2	31.0±0.5	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	89.1±0.4	95.6±1.0	<0.001
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	5.37±0.02	5.87±0.04	<0.001
2 h glucose (mmol/l)	6.59±0.07	8.38±0.14	<0.001
Fasting insulin (pmol/l) b	71.4±1.2	105.6±5.4	<0.001
HOMA-IR b	2.83±0.06	4.57±0.28	<0.001
SI (×10−5 min−1 pmol−1 l−1)b	3.21±0.10	1.75±0.18	<0.001
AIR (pmol/l)b	318.0±9.6	235.8±16.8	<0.001
AIR adjusted for SI (pmol/l)b	327.6±10.2	198.6±12.0	<0.001
Proinsulin:insulin ratio (×100)b	6.08±0.12	6.93±0.36	0.029
hsCRP (mg/l)bc	1.67±0.07	2.61±0.25	<0.001
White cell count (×109/l)b	5.39±0.06	5.78±0.14	0.007
Neutrophils (%)	59.8±0.3	59.7±0.3	0.993
Lymphocytes (%)	32.0±0.3	32.3±0.7	0.670
Monocytes (%)	6.06±0.10	5.76±0.22	0.197
Neutrophil count (×109/l)b	3.11±0.05	3.33±0.11	0.064
Lymphocyte count (×109/l)b	1.65±0.02	1.81±0.05	<0.001
Monocyte count (×109/l)b	0.30±0.01	0.31±0.01	0.318
Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratiob	1.087±0.002	1.082±0.005	0.349

Data are n, mean ± SEM or per cent (95% CI)

Results are adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity and clinic

Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio = log_e-transformed neutrophil count / log_e-transformed lymphocyte count

^aNon-adjusted values

^bLog_e-transformed values then back-transformed for presentation

^cTo convert hsCRP to nM/l, multiply by 9.524