Table 3.

Multivariable competing risk regression analyses predicting disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality in 864 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy according to (a) smoking status and (b) smoking quantity, duration, cumulative smoking exposure, and years since cessation

(a)
Variable	HR	Disease recurrence 95% CI		p value	HR	Cancer-specific mortality 95% CI		p value
		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Age	1.01	1.00	1.03	0.020	1.02	1.01	1.04	0.003
Female gender	1.03	0.80	1.33	0.800	1.02	0.77	1.36	0.890
Ureteral tumor location	0.82	0.62	1.10	0.190	0.88	0.63	1.23	0.460
Lymph node metastasis
pNx vs pN0	1.23	0.92	1.63	0.160	1.24	0.89	1.72	0.200
pN+ vs pN0	1.95	1.32	2.89	<0.001	2.51	1.61	3.91	<0.001
Adjuvant chemotherapy	1.01	0.68	1.51	0.950	1.09	0.68	1.75	0.720
Pathologic grade	2.78	1.18	6.56	0.020	2.77	0.97	7.86	0.056
Pathologic stage
pT2 vs pT0/a/is/1	1.90	1.21	2.99	0.005	2.62	1.54	4.45	<0.001
pT3 vs pT0/a/is/1	4.05	2.66	6.16	<0.001	5.57	3.38	9.16	<0.001
pT4 vs pT0/a/is/1	5.89	3.21	10.80	<0.001	6.47	3.28	12.74	<0.001
Sessile tumor architecture	2.08	1.54	2.81	<0.001	1.79	1.30	2.47	<0.001
Tumor necrosis	0.90	0.68	1.18	0.430	0.87	0.65	1.18	0.370
Lymphovascular invasion	1.06	0.79	1.42	0.720	1.03	0.75	1.43	0.840
Concomitant carcinoma in situ	1.02	0.77	1.35	0.890	0.94	0.69	1.30	0.72
Smoking status
Former vs never	1.39	0.97	1.98	0.070	1.48	1.01	2.17	0.044
Current vs never	1.66	1.18	2.34	0.003	1.54	1.00	2.07	0.050

(b)
Variable	HR	Disease recurrence* 95% CI		p value	HR	Cancer-specific mortality* 95% CI		p value
		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Smoking quantity
≤19 CPD vs never	1.48	1.06	2.08	0.022	1.31	0.92	1.87	0.140
≥20 CPD vs never	1.62	1.12	2.33	0.010	1.68	1.13	2.49	0.009
Smoking duration, yr
≤19 vs never	1.37	0.92	2.06	0.120	1.25	0.81	1.94	0.310
≥20 vs never	1.58	1.14	2.19	0.006	1.51	1.07	2.14	0.020
Cumulative exposure
Light-short-term vs never	1.52	0.98	2.36	0.060	1.31	0.81	2.10	0.270
Moderate vs never	1.42	1.01	2.01	0.044	1.29	0.89	1.87	0.170
Heavy-long-term vs never	1.74	1.19	2.54	0.004	1.81	1.20	2.72	0.005

HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; CPD = cigarettes per day.

^*All models were adjusted for the effects of age (continuous), gender, tumor location, lymph node metastasis (pNx vs pN0 and pN+ vs pN0), adjuvant chemotherapy, pathologic grade, pathologic stage (pT2 vs pT0,a,is,1; pT3 vs pT0,a,is,1; pT4 vs pT0,a,is,1), tumor architecture, tumor necrosis, lymphovascular invasion, and concomitant carcinoma in situ. Cumulative smoking exposure was defined according to the following criteria: light-short-term = ≤19 CPD and ≤19 yr; moderate = ≥20 CPD and ≤19.9 yr or ≤19 CPD and ≥20 yr; heavy-long-term = ≥20 CPD and ≥20 yr.