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. 2014 Mar 24;5:118. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00118

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Copyright © 2014 Carnevali and Sgoifo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cardiac response to a restraint stress in 4-month-old Wild-type (n = 10) and Wistar (n = 10) rats. Panels (A–C) show the time course of changes in heart rate, RMSSD values, and high-frequency (HF, 0.75–2.5 Hz) spectral power, respectively, in baseline conditions (bas, 30 min) and during the restraint test (15 min). Each point during the restraint phase is the mean of 5-min intervals. Inner graphs in (A–C) represent the area under the response time curve above baseline (AUC) of heart rate, RMSSD, and HF values during the restraint phase. Panel (D) illustrates the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during the restraint phase. Data analysis was conducted as described previously in detail (Carnevali et al., 2013a). Values are reported as means ± s.e.m. ^* and ^# indicate a significant difference between HAB and LAB rats (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively; Student's t-test).