TABLE 2.
Regression Models With Complex Sampling Design Depicting the Results of Main and Moderating Effects Using Violent Behavior, Toughness, and Gender Role Ideology as the Outcomes
| Violent Behaviora |
Toughnessb |
Gender Role Ideologyb |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 1b | Model 1c | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 2c | Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | |
| Neighborhood Characteristics | |||||||||
| Neighborhood Disadvantage | .016 (.025) | .021 (.026) | .023 (.027) | .013 (.046) | .021 (.046) | .024 (.040) | –.033 (.075) | –.041 (.075) | –.028 (.082) |
| Percentage of Black Residents | –.205 (.226) | –.233 (.224) | –.043 (.223) | .309 (.400) | .287 (.405) | .791* (.349) | .284 (.588) | .303 (.583) | .714 (.588) |
| Gender Equality Index | –.017 (.062) | .135 (.083) | .090 (.075) | –.060 (.100) | .202† (.105) | .119 (.110) | .163 (.155) | –.063 (.200) | –.073 (.195) |
| Gender Variables | |||||||||
| Male | .298* (.123) | .296* (.121) | .106 (.119) | .621** (.235) | .625** (.225) | .243 (.220) | 1.948** (.336) | 1.944** (.333) | 1.568** (.331) |
| Male × Gender Equality Index | –.321** (.115) | –.292** (.106) | –.564** (.200) | –.408* (.197) | .487 (.351) | .527 (.329) | |||
| Individual Characteristics | |||||||||
| Violent Behavior at Age 16 | .391** (.045) | .380** (.044) | .279** (.044) | .175* (.084) | –.344* (.146) | ||||
| Parental Monitoring | –.061* (.026) | –.069 (.045) | –.296** (.071) | ||||||
| Violent Peers | .217** (.045) | .785** (.108) | .541** (.169) | ||||||
| Low Self-Control | .044** (.010) | .108** (.021) | –.012 (.030) | ||||||
| Moved | –.123 (.131) | –.006 (.201) | –.258 (.370) | ||||||
| Spending Time at Neighborhoods | .068* (.034) | –.076 (.060) | .002 (.095) | ||||||
| Constant | –.906** (.123) | –.892** (.123) | –2.587** (.470) | 16.263** (.206) | 16.283** (.205) | 11.481** (.789) | 15.332** (.296) | 15.315** (.297) | 16.588** (1.282) |
Note. Unstandardized coefficients shown with robust stand errors in parentheses; neighborhood gender inequality is standardized by z-transformation (mean = 0 and SD = 1); N = 703.
a
Negative binomial regression with complex sampling design.
b
Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with complex sampling design.
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p ≤ .01.
†
p ≤ .10, two-tailed.