Standardised mean difference and 95% CI of all outcome measures by type of outcome following cerebral ischemia. A beneficial effect of any type of intervention was observed when assessing pathologic or functional outcomes (A). When data were analysed according to the different types of outcome, i.e. function, edema, lesion volume, and cell viability, a beneficial effect of a ketogenic state was observed for all outcomes, apart from the last. N, number of animals; C, number of comparisons; S, number of studies.