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. 2013 Dec 5;1(7):e00172. doi: 10.1002/phy2.172

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© 2013 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Examination of the antifibrotic effects of FTY720 and N,N‐dimethylsphingosine (DMS) in NRK‐49F cells by real‐time PCR. S1P treatment stimulated the expression of fibrotic mediators in the NRK‐49F cells. Significantly increased expression levels of a‐SMA, TIMP1, and PAI1 were observed in the S1P‐stimulated cells. These increases were suppressed in the presence of FTY20, and the antifibrotic effects of FTY720 exhibited a dose‐dependent pattern. In the presence of DMS, the cellular effects of S1P were attenuated in a manner similar to those with FTY720. These antifibrotic effects of DMS exhibited a dose‐dependent pattern. N = 8. Data are presented as means ± SE. *P < 0.05. S1P, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate; NRK‐49F, normal rat kidney interstitial fibroblast; a‐SMA, alpha‐smooth muscle actin; TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1; PAI1, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1.