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. 2013 Dec 5;1(7):e00172. doi: 10.1002/phy2.172

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© 2013 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Examination of the changes in the expression levels of S1P‐induced fibrotic mediators by western blotting. The relationship between S1P and fibrosis was examined at the protein level. S1P induced fibrosis at the protein and genetic levels. S1P upregulated the protein expression levels of a‐SMA, TIMP1, and PAI‐1 in the NRK‐49F cells. A representative western blot is shown. These effects on the protein levels were attenuated by FTY720 and DMS addition. S1P, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate; a‐SMA, alpha‐smooth muscle actin; TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1; PAI1, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1; NRK‐49F, normal rat kidney interstitial fibroblast; DMS, N,N‐dimethylsphingosine.