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MDMA or methamphetamine (MA) exposure can adversely affect the balance between metabolic and immune systems and contribute to CNS damage and neuropsychiatric impairments (e.g., cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety) (e.g., Parrott, 2006). The question mark in the figure indicates that there are questions yet to be answered regarding how drug-induced changes in energy regulation affect immune function (and vice versa).
