Table 1.

Disease-specific Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Used to Assess Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement

PRO (Year Developed)	Target Populationa	Content	No. of Items and Recall Period	Response Option/Scale	Score Interpretation	Strengths	Cautions
HAGOS16 (2011)	Young to middle-aged, physically active patients with longstanding hip and/or groin pain	Pain, symptoms, ADL, sports/recre ation function, PA, QOL	37 items. Past week considered for all items.	All items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0–4). Subscale scores are summed, then transformed to 0–100 worst to best scale.	0 = extreme symptoms, 100 = no symptoms	Patients representative of those with FAI involved in the development. Freely available. Subscale scores are calculated. COSMIN ratings scored fair to excellent.b PA subscale includes relevant questions about sports and other PA. Few patients report floor or ceiling effect.	Has not yet been used extensively in the literature
HOS5 (2006)	Patients with acetabular labral tears who may be functioning throughout a wide range of ability	ADL, sport	26 scored items. Additional nonscored items to rate current level of function. Past week considered for all items.	All items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0–4). Subscale scores summed, then transformed to 0–100 worst to best scale.	Scores range from 0–100 Higher score represents a higher level of physical function.	Can detect change at higher functional levels (sports). Calculation of subscale scores. Validated using both Classical and Item Test theory.	Patients not involved in the developmentc
HOOS2 (2003)	Patients with and without hip OA	Pain, symptoms (stiffness, ROM), ADL, sport and recreation function, hip-related QOL	40 items. Past week considered for all items.	All items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0–4). Subscale scores are summed, then transformed to 0–100 worst to best scale.	0 = extreme symptoms, 100 = no symptoms.	Able to detect change at higher functional levels in people with OA. WOMAC score may be calculated from data. Freely available. Available in many languages.	Patients aged <42 years representative of those with FAI were not involved in the development. Psychometric properties in young patients not known.c
iHOT-337 (2012)	Young, active patients with hip disorders	Symptoms and functional limitations; sports and recreational physical activities; job-related concerns; social, emotional, and lifestyle concerns	33 items. Past month considered for all items.	All items are rated using 100-point VAS. Total score is calculated.	100 is best possible score	Patients representative of those with FAI involved in the development. Freely available. COSMIN ratings scored fair to excellent.b	Has not been used extensively in the literature. Subscale scores have not been validated.
MHHS3 (2000)	Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy	Pain, function	8 items. Recall period not specified.	Arbitrary weights assigned to each item. Total score is calculated.	Scores of 0–100, with higher scores indicating better function.	Based on the Harris Hip score, one of the oldest and most commonly used surgeon-derived scores in hip and THA research.	Patients representative of those with FAI not involved in the development. No sports-specific items.c
NAHS8 (2003)	Young, active patients with activity-limiting hip pain	Pain, mechanical symptoms, physical function, activity level	20 items. Past 48 hours considered for all items.	All items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0–4). Total score and subscale scores may be calculated.	100 = normal hip function	Patients representative of those with FAI involved in the development. Subscale scores may be calculated. Includes questions related to mechanical symptoms.	Poor to fair COSMIN ratingsb
OHS9 (1996)	Patients having total hip arthroplasty	Items related to symptoms and function. No subscales.	12 items. Past 4 wk considered.	All items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1–5). Total score is calculated.	12 = least difficulties, 60 = most difficulties, (original paper). Modification s have been reported.	Intended to provide a short questionnaire specific to THA population.	Not intended for use across the range of hip disorders. No sports-specific items. Psychometric properties in young patients not known.c
WOMAC4 (1998)	Patients with hip or knee OA	Pain, stiffness, physical activity	24 items. Past 48 hours considered.	All items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0–4). Total score and subscale scores are calculated.	Sum score. Lower scores indicate less symptomology.	Among the most widely used outcome measures in OA. Available in many languages.	No sports-specific items. May have ceiling effect in younger patients. Various versions published. License and fees apply. Psychometric properties were not reviewed.c

ADL = activities of daily living, COSMIN = COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstrument, FAI = femoroacetabular impingement, HAGOS = Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score, HOOS = hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score, HOS = Hip Outcome Score, iHOT-33 = 33-item International Hip Outcome Tool, MHHS = Modified Harris Hip Score, NAHS = Nonarthritic Hip Score, OA = osteoarthritis, OHS = Oxford Hip Score, PA = participation in physical activity, PRO = patient-reported outcomes measure, QOL = quality of life, ROM = range of motion, THA = total hip arthroplasty, VAS = visual analog scale, WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index

^aDescribed by the authors who developed the questionnaires.

^bSee Table 2 for COSMIN ratings

^cPsychometric properties of the HOS, HOOS, MHHS, OHS and WOMAC were not reviewed in this summary. The authors reviewed the psychometric properties of only those disease-specific PROs in which content validity was ensured through input from patients of similar age, sex, and activity level and who had experienced symptoms and limitations due to FAI. Investigators are encouraged to search for literature describing psychometric properties of potential PROs prior to use in clinical trials. The COSMIN guidelines may be used to determine adequate quality of the reports describing PROs..