Table 1.

Main mechanisms involved with GSCs.

Glioma stem cells
Main features	Surface markers	Signaling pathways	Transcription factors
Tumorigenesis	L1CAM [8], EGFR [9], IntegrinA6 [10], CD155 [11], A2B5 [12]	Notch [13], Shh [14, 15]	Olig2 [16], Oct4 [17], Sox2 [17], Nanog [18, 19]
Self-renewal/proliferation	EGFR [9], CD133 [20], IntegrinA6 [10]	Notch [21], Shh [14, 15], Wnt [22], STAT3 [23]	Bmi1 [24–26], Sox2 [27], Nanog [18, 19], Olig2 [28], c-Myc [29]
Differentiation	—	BMP [30]	—
Survival	—	Shh [14, 15], STAT3 [31]	Bmi1 [24–26], c-Myc [29]
Migratory pattern/metastasis	CD44 [32], CD155 [11]	Wnt [22], Shh [14, 15], STAT3 [31]	Bmi1 [24–26]
Tumor invasion	CD44 [33], CD155 [11]	STAT3 [31]	Bmi1 [24–26]
Therapy resistance	L1CAM [34]	Notch [21], Wnt [22]	—

This table lists the markers, signaling pathways, and transcription factors related to specific features of GSCs.