Table 1.

Linear mixed models of adult morphological traits in relation to TL₃₀ in nestlings, with hatching year as a random factor. Main effects were estimated excluding interaction effects when non-significant. Sample size is 46 for males (45 for tail length) and 13 for females.

	F	d.f.	p
keel length
sex	7.65	1,53.4	0.008
TL30	0.91	1,53.5	0.352
a,bsex × TL30	12.67	1,54.5	0.001
wing length
sex	3.63	1,56	0.062
TL30	0.08	1,56	0.774
sex × TL30	0.05	1,55	0.818
tail length
sex	40.77	1,55	<0.001
TL30	0.55	1,55	0.462
sex × TL30	0.64	1,54	0.429

^aCoefficient (s.e.) for males 25.4 (6.28) and females −14.7 (9.31).

^bAnalyses with TL₅₀, TL₄₀ or TL₂₀ as predictors confirmed the significant (p < 0.005) sex-by-TL interaction effect on keel length.