Table 2.

Clinical risk factors that have been identified for drug-induced arrhythmias

Demographic factors

Female gender

Age (over 65 years)

Cardiac factors

Myocardial hypertrophy

Heart failure

Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm

Slow heart rhythms (bradycardia)

Undiagnosed congenital long QT syndrome

Pharmacological factors

Increased medication bioavailability

Inhibitory medications

Others

Electrolyte imbalance – hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia

Liver disease

Altered function of particular cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms