TABLE 2.
Autoantibody findings in tic disorders and Tourette syndrome
| Reference | Method | Clinical syndrome (number of patients) | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 76 | IF | Tics/OCS (n = 19) vs. ADHD (N = 19) | Positive binding in 63% vs. 37% |
| 11 | IF | TS (N = 100) vs. controls (n = 190) | Similar binding in TS compared to SC |
| 65 | IF | TS (N = 81) vs. controls (n = 119) | Elevated mean IF in TS cohort |
| 77 | IF | TS and OCD (n = 53) vs. controls (n = 19) | No difference: 0% vs. 0% |
| 78 | IF | TS (n = 69) vs. controls (n = 72) | Positive binding in 32% vs. 10% |
| 79 | IF | TS (n = 4) vs. TS family members (n = 11) vs. controls (n = 8) | Positive binding in 100% vs. 100% vs. 0% |
| 67 | ELISA | TS (n = 41) vs. controls (n = 39) | Elevated mean absorbance in TS vs. controls |
| 74 | ELISA | TS (n = 41) vs. controls (n = 39) | Elevated median absorbance (but not mean) in TS vs. controls |
| 75 | ELISA | TS (n = 41) vs. controls (n = 38) | No difference in absorbance between groups |
| 69 | ELISA | TS (N = 46) vs. controls (n = 43) | No difference ELISA between groups |
| 67 | WB | TS (n = 41) vs. controls (n = 39) | Positive binding more common in TS vs. controls |
| 74 | WB | TS (n = 41) vs. controls (n = 39) | No difference in binding between groups |
| 80 | WB | TS (n = 20) vs. controls (n = 21) | Positive binding more common in TS vs. controls |
| 69 | WB | TS (N = 46) vs. controls (n = 43) | No difference in binding between groups |
| 11 | WB | TS (n = 100) vs. controls (n = 190) | Positive binding in TS (20–27%) vs. controls (2–4%) |
| 79 | WB | TS (n = 4) vs. TS family (n = 11) vs. controls (n = 8) | Positive binding in TS (100%) vs. controls (0%) |
| 77 | WB | TS and OCD (n = 53) vs. controls (n = 19) | Positive binding in TS (13%) v. controls (0%) |
| 79 | Cell surf. | TS (n = 4) vs. TS family (n = 11) vs. controls (n = 8) | Positive binding to cell surface in patients not controls |
IF, immunofluorescence; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; WB, Western blotting; Cell surf., cell surface binding to live neurons; PANDAS, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection; TS, Tourette syndrome; SC, Sydenham’s chorea; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.