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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Heart Fail. 2013 Oct 25;7(1):123–130. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000568

Figure 2. Chronotropic response to exercise in HFpEF patients in atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm.

Figure 2

(a) Heart rates at rest and at peak exercise, (b) prevalence of chronotropic incompetence during exercise (calculated using standard [Astrand] or Brawner formulae; p-values AF vs. SR), (c) relationship between chronotropic index (Brawner formula) and peak VO2, (d) relationship between chronotropic index and peak workload. Results for unadjusted linear regression shown for patients in atrial fibrillation (red line) and sinus rhythm (black line). p-values (c) and (d) refer to interaction terms between rhythm status and chronotropic index.