Table 1. Baseline characteristics by rhythm status at enrollment.
| Variable | Atrial Fibrillation n=79 |
Sinus rhythm n=124 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 72.7±9.17 | 65.7±10.3 | <0.0001 |
| Female sex | 32 (41) | 67 (54) | 0.06 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.2±6.4 | 34.7±8.2 | 0.14 |
| Rest Systolic BP, mmHg | 126±15 | 129±18 | 0.17 |
| Rest Diastolic BP, mmHg | 71±10 | 69±10 | 0.18 |
| Rest HR, bpm | 72±13 | 68±11 | 0.04 |
| NYHA III/IV | 42 (53) | 65 (52) | 0.92 |
| MLWHFQ score | 46±21 | 45±24 | 0.70 |
| Ischemic etiology | 33 (42) | 44 (36) | 0.37 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 65 (82) | 108 (87) | 0.35 |
| Diabetes | 28 (35) | 56 (45) | 0.17 |
| COPD | 15 (19) | 24 (19) | 0.95 |
| History of AF | 79 (100) | 28 (23) | <0.0001 |
| GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 65.3 (51.6,77.2) | 65.6 (43.5,86.0) | 0.77 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.4 (1.1,1.7) | 1.3 (1.0,1.7) | 0.07 |
| Hb, mg/dL | 12.6 (12.1,13.8) | 13.0 (11.9,13.9) | 0.58 |
| NT-procollagen III, μg/L | 8.1 (6.4,10.7) | 7.5 (5.5,9.5) | 0.10 |
| CITP, μg/L | 6.7 (5.5,10.2) | 5.7 (4.2,9.0) | 0.003 |
| Galectin 3, ng/mL | 14.3 (11.7,19.7) | 13.6 (10.8,16.9) | 0.15 |
| Medication at enrollment | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 49 (62) | 97 (78) | 0.01 |
| Beta blocker | 63 (80) | 91 (73) | 0.30 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 10 (13) | 11 (9) | 0.39 |
| Loop diuretic | 77 (98) | 78 (63) | <0.0001 |
| Digoxin | 18 (23) | 3 (2) | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 28 (35) | 36 (29) | 0.34 |
| Amiodarone | 1 (1) | 7 (6) | 0.15 |
| Other antiarrhythmic | 3 (4) | 6 (5) | 1.00 |
| Aspirin/Thienopyridine | 31 (39) | 90 (73) | <0.0001 |
| Warfarin | 69 (87) | 22 (18) | <0.0001 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LVEF, % | 59±8 | 63±7 | 0.002 |
| Rest cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 2.4±0.6 | 2.6±0.7 | 0.04 |
| Stroke volume, mL | 70±20 | 84±24 | 0.0001 |
| eFS, % | 36±7 | 40±6 | 0.0002 |
| mFS, % | 19±4 | 21±3 | 0.0009 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 84±33 | 82±33 | 0.77 |
| LV diastolic dimension, cm | 4.6±0.7 | 4.7±0.6 | 0.71 |
| Deceleration time, ms | 172±48 | 203±44 | <0.0001 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 62±25 | 41±13 | <0.0001 |
| PASP, mmHg | 45±12 | 41±12 | 0.045 |
| RA pressure, mmHg | 11±5 | 7±4 | <0.0001 |
| E/e’ (medial) | 18.6±9.2 | 18.2±9.7 | 0.74 |
Continuous variables shown as mean ±SD (median [25th,75th percentiles] for biomarkers); categorical variables shown as count (percentage).
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CITP, c-telopeptide for type I collagen; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eFS, endocardial fractional shortening; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HR, heart rate; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; mFS, midwall fractional shortening; MLWHFQ, Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire total score; NT-procollagen III, procollagen III n-terminal peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association class; PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; RA, right atrial.