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Schematic illustration depicting how signaling can lead to multiple EMT related changes after TGF-β1 treatment in porcine bladder primary UC cells. Smad2 and Smad3 are necessary for both bladder UC cells EMT and fibrosis. Our data suggest that EMT and fibrosis is initiated by TGF-β1 and mediated by Smad2 and Smad3 dependent expression of EMT markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin and α-SMA and fibrotic markers collagen I, collagen III, MMP-2 and MMP-9
