Table 2.
Plasma glucose and insulin and insulin sensitivity indices at the end of experimental study
| Parameters | CON | HFFD | HFFD + GSP | HFFD + MET | HFFD + GSP + MET | CON + GSP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 82.4 ± 5.75 | 222.1 ± 5.31a | 162.4 ± 4.09a,b | 134.5 ± 6.93a,b,c | 101.4 ± 5.39a,b,c,d | 81.8 ± 4.51b,c,d,e |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 16.2 ± 0.77 | 38.9 ± 1.29a | 24.9 ± 0.98a,b | 20.5 ± 1.43a,b,c | 18.3 ± 0.69a,b,c,d | 17.1 ± 0.9b,c,d |
| HOMA | 3.30 ± 0.12 | 18.4 ± 0.35a | 8.12 ± 0.36a,b | 5.70 ± 0.27a,b,c | 4.45 ± 0.22a,b,c,d | 3.46 ± 0.19b,c,d,e |
| QUICKI | 0.43 ± 0.0 | 0.28 ± 0.01a | 0.35 ± 0.01a,b | 0.38 ± 0.01a,b,c | 0.40 ± 0.02a,b,c | 0.42 ± 0.01b,c,d |
HOMA homeostasis model assessment, QUICKI quantitative insulin check index, CON control, HFFD high fat, fructose diet, HFFD + GSP high fat, fructose diet + grape seed proanthocyanidins, HFFD + MET high fat, fructose diet + metformin, HFFD + GSP + MET high fat, fructose diet + grape seed proanthocyanidins + metformin, CON + GSP control + grape seed proanthocyanidins
Values are means ± SD of six rats from each group. a = values significantly different from CON; b = values significantly different from HFFD; c = values significantly different from HFFD + GSP; d = values significantly different from HFFD + MET; e = values significantly different from HFFD + GSP + MET; f = values significantly different from CON + GSP. [One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. Value that has p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant]