Table 1.
Regulators of angiogenesis specific to the central nervous system (CNS) and particularly the blood-brain barrier (TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, ZO-1 zonula occludens-1, Shh sonic hedgehog, GPR124 G-protein-coupled receptor, SSeCKS src-suppressed C-kinase substrate, plvap1 plasmalemma vesicle associated protein 1)
| Factor | Barrier-supporting | Barrier-diminishing | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| β1-Integrin-mediated adhesion of endothelial cells to laminin | Expression of claudin-5 | ||
| Norrin | Up-regulation of Glut-1, claudin-5; down-regulation of plvap/meca32 | Wang et al. 2012 | |
| β-Catenin | Induction of claudin-3 | Liebner et al. 2008 | |
| Wnt3a/Wnt7a/b | Induction of claudin-3, Glut-1 | Daneman et al. 2009; Liebner et al. 2008; Stenman et al. 2008 | |
| Shh | Immunoquiescence; regulation of claudin-5, occludin | Alvarez et al. 2011 | |
| Nogo-A | Inhibition of CNS angiogenesis | Wälchli et al. 2013 | |
| GPR124 |
Induction of Glut-1 TGF-β signaling in CNS endothelial cells |
Anderson et al. 2011; Cullen et al. 2011; Kuhnert et al. 2010 | |
| SSeCKS | Induction of angiopoietin-1 | Lee et al. 2003 | |
| Retinoic acid | Induction of pGP, ZO-1, occludin |