Table 2.
Memory performance of the three groups of performers at pre- and post-intervention.
| Pre | Post | Difference | t value | p value | E.S. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low performers | ||||||
| Verbal memory (n = 18) | 6.06 (1.26) | 9.06 (1.80) | 3.00 (1.85) | -6.89 | 0.00** | 1.62++ |
| Visual memory (n = 10) | 35.10 (9.72) | 52.40 (21.51) | 17.30 (19.56) | -2.80 | 0.01* | 0.88++ |
| Medium performers | ||||||
| Verbal memory (n = 9) | 8.89 (0.93) | 9.89 (3.10) | 1.00 (3.08) | -0.97 | 0.18 | 0.32 |
| Visual memory (n = 21) | 57.90 (8.68) | 74.05 (9.91) | 16.14 (12.99) | -5.70 | 0.00** | 1.24++ |
| High performers | ||||||
| Verbal memory (n = 14) | 12.07 (1.07) | 13.50 (1.51) | 1.43 (1.60) | -3.33 | 0.00** | 0.89++ |
| Visual memory (n = 11) | 79.45 (5.20) | 80.55 (14.02) | 1.09 (13.27) | -0.27 | 0.40 | 0.46 |
Low Performers = Subgroup of elderly having baseline level of performance on verbal and visual memory tests that falls at 25th percentile or below; medium performers = Subgroup of elderly having baseline level of performance on verbal and visual memory tests that falls within 26th–74th percentile; high performers = Subgroup of elderly having baseline level of performance on verbal and visual memory tests that falls at 75th percentile or above; Difference = Mean difference between scores at pre- and post-intervention; E.S. = Effect size. Standard deviations are in parenthesis. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 at one-tailed; ++large effect size.