Table 4.
Changes in various cognitive functions before and after intervention.
| Pre | Post | Difference | t | p | E.S. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | ||||||
| HKLLT-DR | 8.73 (2.89) | 10.76 (2.85) | 2.02 | -5.81 | 0.00** | 0.91++ |
| WMS-VR-DR | 58.12 (17.76) | 70.60 (17.63) | 12.48 | -5.05 | 0.00** | 0.78+ |
| Attention | ||||||
| CDRS-Att | 36.43 (1.17) | 36.57 (0.67) | 0.14 | -0.78 | 0.22 | 0.12 |
| Cognitive flexibility | ||||||
| CDRS-I/P | 35.43 (2.48) | 36.40 (1.15) | 0.98 | -2.76 | 0.00** | 0.43 |
| CTT-T2# | 109.66 (40.39) | 96.88 (37.99) | -12.78 | 3.55 | 0.00** | 0.55+ |
| Conceptualization | ||||||
| CDRS-concept | 37.67 (1.98) | 37.74 (1.95) | 0.07 | -0.24 | 0.41 | 0.04 |
| Language | ||||||
| CFT | 29.17 (5.21) | 29.86 (4.42) | 0.69 | -0.93 | 0.18 | 0.14 |
| Visuospatial construction | ||||||
| CDRS-construct | 5.93 (0.26) | 5.98 (0.15) | 0.05 | -1.0 | 0.16 | 0.15 |
| WMS-VR-copy | 98.90 (3.06) | 98.19 (3.19) | -0.71 | 1.95 | 0.03* | 0.30 |
HKLLT-DR = Delayed recall score of the Hong Kong List Learning Test; WMS-VR-DR = Delayed recall score in the Visual Reproduction subscale of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III; Chinese version of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale CDRS-Att = Attention subscale score of the CDRS-I/P = Initiation/Perseveration subscale score of the CDRS; CTT-T2 = Completion time of the Color Trail Test–Trial 2; CDRS-Concept = Conceptualization subscale score of the CDRS; CFT = Category Fluency Test; CDRS-Construct = Construction subscale score of the CDRS; WMS-VR-Copy = Copy score in the VR of the WMS-III; Difference = Post-intervention score minus pre-intervention score; E.S. = Effect size. Standard deviations are in parenthesis. #Lower value indicates better performance; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; + medium effect size, ++large effect size.