Table 1. List of currently licensed mucosal vaccines (modified from reference 8).

Pathogens	Trade names	Composition	Dosage	Immunological mechanism	Efficacy
Rotavirus	Rotarix; RotaTeq	Live attenuated, monovalent or pentavalent rotaviruses	Oral, 3 doses	Mucosal IgA and systemic neutralizing IgG	Over 70–90% against severe disease
Poliovirus	Orimune; OPV; Poliomyelitis vaccine	Live attenuated trivalent, bivalent and monovalent polioviruses	Oral, 3 doses	Mucosal IgA and systemic IgG	Over 90% in most of the world
Salmonella Typhi	Vivotif; Ty21A	Live attenuated S. typhi bacteria	Oral, 3–4 doses	Mucosal IgA, systemic IgG and CTL responses	Variable, but more than 50%
Vibrio cholera	Dukoral; ORC-Vax; Shanchol	Inactivated V. cholera O1 classical and El Tor biotypes with or without CTB	Oral, 2–3 doses	Antibacterial, toxin-specific and LPS-specific IgA	Strong herd protection over 85%

Abbreviations: CTB, cholera toxin B subunit; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OPV, oral polio vaccine.