Table 5.
Results for health and depression.
| Bad health
|
Health index
|
Euro-D Depression Scale
|
Felt depressed in a month
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | IV | OLS | IV | OLS | IV | OLS | IV | |
| Retired | 0.1393*** (0.0165) | −0.3545** (0.1505) | 0.3379*** (0.0365) | −0.9680*** (0.3433) | 0.2702*** (0.0679) | −0.0691 (0.5740) | 0.0308* (0.0172) | −0.1183 (0.1465) |
| Age | 0.0100 (0.0237) | 0.0049 (0.0257) | 0.1868*** (0.0524) | 0.1733*** (0.0585) | −0.0035 (0.0973) | −0.0070 (0.0977) | 0.0001 (0.0247) | −0.0015 (0.0249) |
| Age squared | −0.0001 (0.0002) | 0.0002 (0.0002) | −0.0015*** (0.0004) | −0.0007 (0.0005) | −0.0001 (0.0008) | 0.0001 (0.0009) | −0.0000 (0.0002) | 0.0000 (0.0002) |
| Public employment | 0.0030 (0.0182) | −0.0271 (0.0217) | 0.0152 (0.0403) | −0.0644 (0.0495) | 0.1055 (0.0749) | 0.0848 (0.0827) | 0.0203 (0.0190) | 0.0112 (0.0211) |
| Self-employed | −0.0300* (0.0160) | −0.1304*** (0.0350) | −0.0646* (0.0355) | −0.3302*** (0.0798) | 0.0004 (0.0660) | −0.0685 (0.1333) | 0.0130 (0.0168) | −0.0172 (0.0340) |
| Married | −0.0130 (0.0155) | −0.0171 (0.0168) | −0.0677** (0.0344) | −0.0786** (0.0384) | −0.3991*** (0.0638) | −0.4019*** (0.0642) | −0.0847*** (0.0162) | −0.0860*** (0.0164) |
| High education | −0.1197*** (0.0156) | −0.1676*** (0.0222) | −0.2510*** (0.0345) | −0.3776*** (0.0507) | −0.2651*** (0.0640) | −0.2981*** (0.0848) | 0.0057 (0.0163) | −0.0088 (0.0217) |
| Medium education | −0.0674*** (0.0147) | −0.0775*** (0.0162) | −0.1426*** (0.0326) | −0.1693*** (0.0369) | −0.1621*** (0.0604) | −0.1691*** (0.0617) | −0.0113 (0.0154) | −0.0144 (0.0158) |
| Number of children | 0.0161*** (0.0045) | 0.0152*** (0.0049) | 0.0472*** (0.0099) | 0.04490*** (0.0111) | 0.1083*** (0.0184) | 0.1076*** (0.0185) | 0.0215*** (0.0047) | 0.0213*** (0.0047) |
| Household income | −0.2508 (0.3036) | −0.4442 (0.3336) | 0.1779 (0.6719) | −0.3335 (0.7609) | −1.8743 (1.2477) | −2.0076 (1.2705) | −0.2305 (0.3170) | −0.2890 (0.3244) |
| Spring | 0.1638 (0.1138) | 0.1660 (0.1141) | 0.0408 (0.0289) | 0.0418 (0.0291) | ||||
| Summer | 0.0599 (0.1048) | 0.0572 (0.1051) | 0.0034 (0.0266) | 0.0023 (0.0268) | ||||
| Autumn | −0.0822 (0.1093) | −0.0853 (0.1097) | −0.0115 (0.0278) | −0.0128 (0.0280) | ||||
| Constant | −0.0829 (0.6992) | −0.4667* (0.7652) | −5.5658*** (1.5476) | −6.5809*** (1.7455) | 1.8868 (2.8752) | 1.6279 (2.9147) | 0.3464 (0.7306) | 0.2327 (0.7441) |
| Hansen’s J test P-value |
0.2595 (0.6105) | 0.0017 (0.9674) | 0.0231 (0.8791) | 0.3079 (0.5789) | ||||
| Observations | 5282 | 5282 | 5282 | 5282 | 5282 | 5282 | 5282 | 5282 |
| R-squared | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
Note: All regressions also include country dummy variables. These are linear probability models, although the results do not change substantially using probit models for the regression equation or the bad health or felt-depressed regressions. Standard errors in parentheses.
*
Significant at 10%.
**
Significant at 5%.
***
Significant at 1%.