Table 6.
Results: cognitive function.
| Memory
|
Verbal
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | IV | OLS | IV | |
| Retired | −0.2769** (0.1153) | −0.0390 (0.9798) | −0.7544*** (0.2628) | 2.5647 (2.2682) |
| Age | 0.0132 (0.1631) | 0.0203 (0.1658) | −0.0973 (0.3718) | 0.0019 (0.3837) |
| Age squared | −0.0007 (0.0014) | −0.0009 (0.0015) | 0.0002 (0.0031) | −0.0023 (0.0036) |
| Public employment | −0.3441*** (0.1259) | −0.3298** (0.1389) | −0.4915* (0.2869) | −0.2916 (0.3216) |
| Self-employed | 0.0241 (0.1100) | 0.0705 (0.2192) | −0.1769 (0.2506) | 0.4699 (0.5074) |
| Married | 0.1545 (0.1032) | 0.1566 (0.1036) | 0.5856** (0.2352) | 0.6142** (0.2398) |
| High education | 1.7646*** (0.1095) | 1.7874*** (0.1438) | 3.5650*** (0.2496) | 3.8827*** (0.3329) |
| Medium education | 1.0012*** (0.1014) | 1.0046*** (0.1024) | 1.5804*** (0.2312) | 1.6268*** (0.2370) |
| Household income | 2.8554 (2.0524) | 2.9376 (2.0806) | 4.0035 (4.6775) | 5.1506 (4.8163) |
| Foreign-born | −0.6778*** (0.1540) | −0.6843*** (0.1563) | −2.5971*** (0.3509) | −2.6877*** (0.3618) |
| Number of chronic diseases | 0.0159 (0.0372) | 0.0126 (0.0396) | 0.0948 (0.0848) | 0.0483 (0.0917) |
| Number of ADLs | −0.1442 (0.1445) | −0.1465 (0.1448) | −0.0400 (0.3293) | −0.0714 (0.3353) |
| Number of IADLs | −0.4177*** (0.1483) | −0.4292*** (0.1555) | −0.3921 (0.3379) | −0.5517 (0.3600) |
| Non-professional activities | 0.1779*** (0.0364) | 0.1759*** (0.0374) | 0.5911*** (0.0830) | 0.5627*** (0.0865) |
| physically demanding activities | 0.1825** (0.0882) | 0.1968* (0.1058) | 0.7988*** (0.2011) | 0.9977*** (0.2449) |
| Moderate activities | 0.0060 (0.1399) | −0.0005 (0.1425) | 1.1110*** (0.3189) | 1.0204*** (0.3298) |
| Hansen’s J test P-value |
0.6084 (0.4354) | 1.5108 (0.2190) | ||
| Observations | 4928 | 4928 | 4928 | 4928 |
| R-squared | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
Note: All regressions also include country dummy variables. Standard errors in parentheses.
*
Significant at 10%.
**
Significant at 5%.
***
Significant at 1%.