Table 1.
Effects of experimental and control treatments on functional and kinematics outcomes.
| RFVE | TR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | |
| Overall | ||||
| Functional | ||||
| F-M UE | 43.0 ± 14.7 (36.64–49.36) |
49.8 ± 12.5∗§
(44.42–55.32) |
46.3 ± 17.5 (38.36–54.31) |
49.5 ± 16.2 (42.13–56.92) |
| FIM | 87.6 ± 29.6 (74.82–100.48) |
103.3 ± 22.9∗§
(93.44–113.26) |
96.6 ± 24.6 (85.35–107.80) |
104.6 ± 18.2* (96.32–112.91) |
| Kinematics | ||||
| Time (s) | 11.7 ± 17.4 (9.75–13.61) |
6.9 ± 8.4∗§
(5.94–7.80) |
9.6 ± 13.2 (8.03–11.27) |
8.1 ± 11.1* (6.73–9.45) |
| Speed (cm/s) | 15.7 ± 6.9 (14.93–16.46) |
21.3 ± 11.2∗§
(CI 20.04–22.52) |
15.6 ± 7.1 (14.74–16.48) |
18.8 ± 10.6* (17.54–20.14) |
| Peak (n) | 13.4 ± 12.6 (12.03–14.81) |
9.9 ± 12.6* (8.53–11.32) |
12.8 ± 11.6 (11.39–14.22) |
10.1 ± 12.8* (9.36–12.50) |
| Posthemorrhagic group outcomes | ||||
| Functional | ||||
| F-M UE |
38.6 ± 19.3 (24.74–52.46) |
47.6 ± 15.1* (36.79–58.41) |
47.6 ± 17.5 (35.03–60.17) |
51.5 ± 16.4 (39.75–63.25) |
| FIM | 71.0 ± 32.2 (47.96–94.04) |
93.1 ± 28.8∗§
(72.49–113.71) |
94.8 ± 26.0 (76.18–113.42) |
107.7 ± 17.2* (95.37–120.03) |
| Kinematics | ||||
| Time (s) | 13.5 ± 18.9 (10.40–16.69) |
7.9 ± 9.0∗§
(6.44–9.42) |
8.5 ± 7.0 (7.21–9.82) |
6.5 ± 7.2* (5.18–7.86) |
| Speed (cm/s) | 15.1 ± 6.7 (14.40–16.63) |
20.1 ± 10.1* (18.44–21.81) |
16.3 ± 7.1 (15.02–17.65) |
20.5 ± 9.3* (18.73–22.18) |
| Peak (n) | 15.4 ± 13.7 (13.17–17.73) |
11.6 ± 12.7* (9.54–13.77) |
13.0 ± 12.6 (10.67–15.34) |
11.2 ± 11.9 (8.99–13.40) |
| Postischemic group outcomes | ||||
| Functional | ||||
| F-M UE | 46.3 ± 9.2 (40.77–52.0) |
51.6 ± 10.5* (45.22–58.01) |
45.1 ± 18.2 (32.92–57.44) |
47.7 ± 16.6 (36.53–58.92) |
| FIM | 100.4 ± 20.6 (87.98–112.95) |
111.2 ± 13.6* (103.0–119.46) |
98.1 ± 24.4 (81.73–114.64) |
101.8 ± 19.4 (88.75–114.89) |
| Kinematics | ||||
| Time (s) | 10.1 ± 16.0 (7.75–12.55) |
6.0 ± 7.8* (4.83–7.17) |
10.5 ± 16.5 (7.83–13.26) |
9.3 ± 13.3 (7.13–11.50) |
| Speed (cm/s) | 15.8 ± 7.1 (14.79–16.91) |
22.2 ± 12.0∗§
(20.43–24.02) |
15.0 ± 7.0 (13.88–16.20) |
17.6 ± 11.4* (15.70–19.43) |
| Peak (n) | 11.7 ± 11.3 (10.06–13.45) |
8.5 ± 12.3* (6.65–10.35) |
12.6 ± 10.7 (10.88–14.40) |
10.7 ± 13.5* (8.50–12.95) |
Data are displayed as mean and standard deviation and 95% confidence interval in brackets.
RFVE: reinforced feedback in virtual environment training; TR: traditional rehabilitation treatment; F-M UE: Fugl-Meyer upper extremity; FIM: functional independence measure; time: mean duration of movement; speed: mean velocity of movement; peak: mean number of submovement; *P < 0.05 within group analysis (Wilcoxon test); § P < 0.05 between group analysis (Mann–Whitney U test).