Table 3.
Results of biofortification through metabolic engineering and breeding in tomato.
| Approach | Technique | Gene | Pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic engineering | Modification of a key-rate limiting step |
GDP-mannose-3,5′-epimerase
monodehydroascorbate reductase (Mdhar)- dehydroascorbate reductase (Dhar) |
Ascorbate | [167, 168] |
| Heterologous gene expression | Erwinia uredovora-phytoene desaturase (crtI) | β-Carotene | [169] | |
| Arabidopsis-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase (ALO)
Yeast-derived-GDP mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) |
Ascorbic acid | [170] | ||
| Bacterial GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GCHI) | Ascorbic acid | [170] | ||
| Arabidopsis-Aminodeoxychorismate synthase (ADCS) | Folate | [165, 171–173] | ||
| Erwinia herbicola lycopene b-cyclase | Carotenoid | [174] | ||
| Grape stylbene synthase | Resveratrol | [175] | ||
| Silencing pathway bottle neck | De-etiolated1 (DET-)1 | Anthocyans | [176] | |
| Increase levels of transcription factors |
Delia (Del) and Rosea1 (Ros1) AtMYB12 |
Anthocyans Polyphenols |
[177] [177] |
|
|
| ||||
| Conventional breeding | Association mapping QTL | 29 SSR and 15 morpho-physiological traits | Anthocyans | [178] |
| QTL linkage mapping | Lyc 7.1 and lyc 12.1 | Lycopene | [179] | |
| Variation during the plant development | Various components | [180] | ||
| Ascorbic acid, phenols, and soluble solid | [181, 182] | |||
| Total phenols and °Bx content | [183] | |||