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Effect of the microbiota on mucosal immunity. Shown is a schematic of the epithelial interface with the microbiota. Distinct taxa of the microbiota, depicted as various colors, can influence processes affecting adaptive, innate, and cell autonomous immunity. Commensal bacteria can influence T-cell differentiation at sites distant from the mucosa, modulate epithelial innate signaling pathways, and induce cytoprotective states.
