Table 1.

Migraine and Obesity in Reproductive-Aged Participants

Reference	Study Design/Name	Sample Size	Sex	Age Range	Obesity DX	HA DX	Findings
Bigal et al (2006)²⁶	CS/AMPP	Total: 30,215 EM: 3791	Combined and separate	18 to 89 years	Self-reported TBO	ICHD	The crude prevalence of migraine in men w/total body obesity (BMI-sr ≥ 35) (8.8%) was significantly greater than in those w/NL weight (7.2%), P < .01), but did not remain so after adjustments. The prevalence of those with episodic migraine with a frequency of 10–14 days per month was increased in participants w/total body obesity by BMI-sr (13.6%) as compared with those w/NL weight (4.4%). Note: Those with 15 or more headaches per month (ie, chronic daily headache) were excluded from these analyses.
Keith et al (2008)¹¹	CS/Meta-analysis of 11 databases including WHS	Total: >200,000 EM:?	Women only	16 to 94 years	Mixed (self-reported and measured) TBO	Non-ICHD	Obese women (BMI-mixed) had increased risk for headache as compared with those with BMI 20.
Ford et al (2008)⁴	CS/NHANES	Total 7601 EM: 1649	Combined and separate	20 to 85 years	Measured TBO	Non-ICHD	Those with total body obesity (BMI-m) had a 37% increased odds for having migraine compared with those who were not obese or overweight (OR 1.37; CI 1.09, 172).
Peterlin et al (2010)⁵	CS/NHANES	Total 15,531 (≤55 years) EM: 3915	Sex stratified	20 to 55 years	Measured TBO and Ab-OB	Non-ICHD	The odds of migraine were increased by 38–39% in those with total body obesity (BMI-m) as compared with those without obesity (Women: OR 1.39;CI: 1.25, 1.56; Men: OR 1.38;CI 1.20, 1.59). The odds of migraine were increased in those with abdominal obesity (WC) as compared with those without abdominal obesity (Women OR 1.39;CI 1.25, 1.56; Men: 1.30; CI 1.13, 1.48).
Vo et al (2011)⁶	CS/OMEGA	3733 Premenopausal women only	Women	18–40 years	Self-reported TBO	Non-ICHD	Obese (BMI-sr) premenopausal women had a 48% increased odds of migraine as compared with non-obese (OR = 1.48; CI: 1.12–1.96). The odds of migraine increased with increasing obesity, with 2-fold (207%) increased odds of migraine in severely obese (OR 2.07 CI: 1.27–3.39) and almost 3-fold (275%) increased odds in morbidly obese (2.75 OR CI: 1.60–4.70).
Robberstad et al (2010)⁷	CS/HEAD-HUNT YOUTH	5588 Adolescents	Boys and girls together and separate	13–18 years	Measured TBO	Non-ICHD	Individually by each group, those with recurrent headache in general, recurrent migraine, or recurrent tension-type headache were more overweight or obese than those without headache. Those with migraine were more overweight or obese (BMI-m) than those without migraine (OR 1.6; CI: 1.4–2.2). Those with tension-type headache were more obese (BMI-m) than those without tension-type headache (OR 1.4; CI: 1.1.–1.6).

Ab-OB = abdominal obesity; AMPP = American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention; BMI-sr = body mass index based on self-report; BMI-m = body mass index based on measured height and weight; CDH = chronic daily headache; CS = cross-sectional; DX = diagnosis; EH = episodic headache; EM = episodic migraine; ICHD = International Classification of Headache Disorders; Long = longitudinal; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NL = normal; TBO = total body obesity; WC = waist circumference; WHR = waist to hip ratio.