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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 2.
Published in final edited form as: Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):906–913. doi: 10.1002/mds.25528

Table 1. Shift in Classification Schema for Dystonia.

Classification Changes are noted in bold.

1987:
Fahn, Marsden, Calne1 		1998:
Fahn, Bressman, Marsden2 		2011:
Albanese/EFNS3
1. By Cause

  1. Idiopathic

    • sporadic

    • familial

  2. Symptomatic

 1. By Etiology

  1. Primary

    • familial

    • sporadic

  2. Dystonia-plus syndromes

  3. Secondary

  4. Heredodegenerative disease

 1. By Cause (Etiology)

  1. Primary

    • Primary “pure”

    • Primary plus

    • Primary paroxysmal

  2. Heredodegenerative

  3. Secondary
2. By Age at Onset

  1. Childhood

  2. Adolescent

  3. Adult

 By Age at Onset

  1. Childhood

  2. Adolescent

  3. Adult

  1. Early-onset (≤20–30 years)

  2. Late-onset
3. By Distribution

  1. Focal

  2. Segmental

  3. Multifocal

  4. Generalized

  5. Hemidystonia

 By Distribution

  1. Focal

  2. Segmental

  3. Multifocal

  4. Generalized

  5. Hemidystonia
1

Fahn S, Bressman SB, Marsden CD, Classification of Dystonia, Advances in Neurology 1998; 78: 1–10)

2

Fahn S, Marsden CD, Calne DB. Classification and investgation of dystonia. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Buttersworth, 1987: 332–358

3

Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, Elia AE, Elibol B, Filippini G, Gasser T, Krauss JK, Nardocci N, Newton A, Valls-Solé J. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol 2011;18:5–18.