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. 2014 Mar 27;5(3):e1147. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2014.123

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Copyright © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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TBI induces autophagy and the activation of GSK-3β in rat brains. (a) Immunoblotting analysis of GSK-3β as a function of time after TBI. Rat brains were removed after a specified time. Protein was extracted and analyzed using immunoblotting with anti-LC3, anti-p-ser9-GSK-3β, anti-p- tyr216-GSK-3β, anti-t-GSK-3β, and anti-GAPDH antibodies. GAPDH and t-GSK-3β were used as internal controls to normalize the amount of proteins. (b–d) The statistical results are presented as mean±S.E.M. (n=3/group). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 versus the respective control, one-way ANOVA