Figure 7.

Glutamate increases ROS generation, which induces GSK-3β activation. (a–c) CTX TNA2 cells were treated with 8 mM glutamate for various periods. The levels of O₂^•−, cytosolic H₂O₂, and mtH₂O₂ were analyzed using a flow cytometer with HEt (a), DCFH-DA (b), and DHR123 (c) staining, respectively. (d) Cells were pretreated with or without 5 μM RV for 1 h and then incubated with 8 mM glutamate for 24 h; the ROS levels were subsequently analyzed. (e and f) Proteins extracted from U87 MG cells (e) or rat brain tissues (f) were analyzed using immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. Glu, glutamate. Data are presented as mean±S.E.M. (n=3/group). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 versus each respective control. ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01 versus each respective glutamate group, one-way ANOVA