TiO2 nanoparticles (red arrows) within the cytoplasm (a–f). Nanoparticle aggregates within vesicular structures (a,e,f). Cell pseudopodia engulfing the nanoparticles (b,d). No nanoparticles were seen in the nucleus. (a,d,e,f) Scale bars, 2 µm; (b,c) scale bars, 500 nm.