Table 1.
Parasites found in water samples, Malaysia and Thailand*
| Water sample | No. | No. positive | Mean ± SD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giardia | Cryptosporidium | Hookworm | Ascaris | Schistosoma | |||
| Malaysia | |||||||
| Drinking/household water | |||||||
| Mineral water (MM) | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Drinking water (MD) | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Tap water (MT) | 2 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Rain water (MR) | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Recreational/environmental water | |||||||
| Treated | |||||||
| Swimming pool (SP) | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Untreated | |||||||
| Lake Garden 1 (LG1) | 7 | 7 | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 0.23 ± 0.21 | 28.54 ± 37.84 | 19.03 ± 23.73 | ND |
| Lake Garden 2 (LG2) | 2 | 2 | 0.20 ± 0.28 | 0.10 ± 0.14 | ND | ND | ND |
| Lake Garden 3 (LG3) | 12 | 12 | 2.58 ± 4.37 | 1.51 ± 3.43 | 70.30 ± 55.06 | 9.25 ± 14.84 | 9.25 ± 19.99 |
| River (MR) | 3 | 3 | 4 ± 0.87 | 2.33 ± 3.62 | ND | 0.33 ± 0.58 | ND |
| Waterfall (MW) | 3 | 3 | 0.17 ± 0.29 | 0.83 ± 0.29 | ND | ND | ND |
| Total | 33 | 27 | |||||
| Thailand | |||||||
| Drinking/household water | |||||||
| Mineral water (TM) | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Drinking water (TD) | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Rain water (TR) | 1 | 0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Recreational/environmental water | |||||||
| Pond 1 (TP1) | 2 | 2 | ND | ND | ND | 20 ± 28.28 | 10 ± 14.14 |
| Pond 2 (TP2) | 2 | 2 | 0.22 ± 0.31 | 0.45 ± 0.63 | 30 ± 42.42 | ND | ND |
| Natural lake (TNL) | 7 | 7 | 0.21 ± 0.33 | 0.73 ± 1.33 | ND | ND | ND |
| Reservoir lake (TRL) | 6 | 5 | 0.04 ± 0.10 | 0.26 ± 0.49 | ND | 3.33 ± 8.16 | ND |
| River 1 (TR1) | 3 | 2 | ND | 0.30 ± 0.29 | ND | ND | ND |
| River 2 (TR2) | 3 | 3 | 0.52 ± 0.50 | 1.29 ± 1.54 | 6.67 ± 11.55 | 20 ± 34.64 | 13.33 ± 11.55 |
| Waterfall (TW) | 3 | 2 | 0.11 ± 0.19 | 0.06 ± 0.10 | ND | 33.33 ± 30.55 | ND |
| Waste/effluent water | |||||||
| Treatment plant (TTP) | 2 | 2 | 0.22 | 0.89 ± 0.31 | 350 ± 494.97 | ND | ND |
| Total | 31 | 25 | |||||
*
ND = not determined. Other detected parasites with negligible counts (1 or 2 per 25 microscopy slides examination) were Blastocystis cysts (LG1, TNL, TRL, TR2, TW, and TTP), Entamoeba cysts (TP1), Enterobius ova (TW), Hymenolepis ova (TP2 and TTP), tapeworm ova (TTP), Toxocara ova (LG3, TNL and TRL), Toxoplasma oocysts (LG1), ectoparasites of the orders Anastroca (LG2, LG3 and TTP) and Cladocera (LG1, LG2, TW, and TP2), copepods (LG3 and TR2), lice (LG1 and LG3), and Brachinecta organisms (LG3).