Table 2.
Risk factors for carriage of MRSA and PVL-positive MSSA among discharge patients in three Indonesian hospitals: univariate and multivariate analysis
| Risk factors | Univariate | Univariate | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects (%) | Multivariate (backward LR) | no. of subjects (%) | Multivariate (backward LR) | |||||||
| MRSA (+) (n = 55) | MRSA (−) (n = 1,351) | OR | 95% CI | p | PVL (+) (n = 21) | PVL (−) (n = 1,385) | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| City | NS | |||||||||
| Denpasar | 2 (3.6) | 485 (35.9) | 1 | 0 | 487 (35.2) | |||||
| Semarang | 47 (85.5) | 786 (58.2) | 9.404 | 2.239–39.501 | 0.002 | 20 (95.2) | 813 (58.7) | |||
| Malang | 6 (10.9) | 80 (5.9) | 9.003 | 1.752–46.271 | 0.009 | 1 (4.7) | 86 (6.2) | |||
| Gender* | ||||||||||
| Male | 46 (83.6) | 875 (64.8) | 2.374 | 1.127–5.000 | 0.023 | 12 (57.1) | 909 (65.6) | |||
| Female | 9 (16.4) | 476 (35.2) | 1 | 9 (42.9) | 476 (34.4) | |||||
| Age*† | ||||||||||
| ≤ 18 yo | 11 (20) | 279 (20.7) | 3 (14.3) | 287 (20.7) | ||||||
| 19–59 yo | 36 (65.5) | 900 (66.6) | 16 (76.2) | 920 (66.4) | ||||||
| ≥ 60 yo | 8 (14.5) | 172 (12.7) | 2 (9.5) | 178 (12.9) | ||||||
| Length of stay | NS | |||||||||
| ≤ 5 days | 1 (1.8) | 394 (29.2) | 1 | 2 (9.5) | 393 (28.4) | |||||
| > 5 days | 54 (98.2) | 957 (70.8) | 11.708 | 1.587–86.376 | 0.016 | 19 (90.5) | 992 (71.6) | |||
| ICU admission*† | ||||||||||
| Yes | 3 (5.5) | 113 (8.4) | 1 (4.8) | 115 (8.3) | ||||||
| No | 52 (94.5) | 1238 (91.6) | 20 (95.2) | 1270 (91.7) | ||||||
| Surgery† | NS | |||||||||
| Yes | 43 (78.2) | 961 (71.1) | 9 (42.9) | 995 (71.8) | ||||||
| No | 12 (21.8) | 390 (28.9) | 12 (57.1) | 390 (28.2) | ||||||
| Prior hospitalization† | ||||||||||
| Yes | 13 (23.6) | 336 (24.9) | 10 (47.6) | 339 (24.5) | 2.466 | 1.028–5.916 | 0.043 | |||
| No | 42 (76.4) | 1015 (75.1) | 11 (52.4) | 1046 (75.5) | 1 | |||||
| Antibiotic therapy during hospitalization | NS | |||||||||
| Yes | 50 (90.9) | 1116 (82.6) | 2.621 | 1.014–6.773 | 0.047 | 13 (61.9) | 1153 (83.2) | |||
| No | 5 (9.1) | 235 (17.4) | 1 | 8 (38.1) | 232 (16.8) | |||||
Patients without complete data were not analyzed statistically.
*
Univariate analysis of PVL-positive MSSA was not significant (P > 0.2).
†
Univariate analysis of MRSA carriage was not significant (P > 0.2).
MRSA = methicillin-resistant S. aureus; PVL = Panton-Valentine leukocidin; MSSA = methicillin-sensitive S. aureus; LR = logistic regression; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; ICU = intensive care unit.