Regulation of JAM-A expression in MSC and JAM-A overexpression promoted MSC migration in vitro. (A): A high fluorescence signal was observed after gene transduction. Bright punctiform green fluorescence was observed in JAM-Aov MSCs. In all images, magnification is ×100. (C): JAM-A mRNA levels were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction 48 hours after gene transduction. Marked upregulation of JAM-A expression was detected in JAM-Aov MSCs, whereas low levels of JAM-A expression were observed in JAM-Akd MSCs. ∗∗, p < .01. (B, D): In vitro migration results showed that overexpression of JAM-A enhanced the migration of MSCs. JAM-Aov MSCs significantly increased the number of migrating cells. In all images, magnification is ×100. ∗∗, p < .01. Abbreviations: GFP, green fluorescent protein; JAM-A, junctional adhesion molecule A; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.