Table 3. Moderating Influences of SES and Family Status on Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Women Aged 52 to 81 Years (N = 14,411).
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | −.125*** | −.137*** | −.126*** |
| Age2 | .002** | .002** | .002** |
| Birth cohort (reference: 1923 to 1927) | |||
| 1928 to 1932 | −.360** | −.410** | −.437*** |
| 1933 to 1937 | −.630*** | −.724*** | −.747*** |
| Black | .089 | .636*** | .460* |
| Physical limitations | .420*** | .434*** | .434*** |
| SES | |||
| Less than high school (reference: high school or more) | 1.534*** | ||
| Some high school (reference: high school or more) | .711*** | ||
| Income | −.072* | ||
| No home ownership | .341** | ||
| Family status | |||
| Never married (reference: married) | −.469 | ||
| Divorced (reference: married) | .591*** | ||
| Widowed (reference: married) | 1.086*** | ||
| Childless | −.262 | ||
| High parity (four or more children) | −.101 | ||
| Teenage first birth | .527*** | ||
| Last birth age 35 or older | .258 | ||
| Moderating effects | |||
| Black × Less Than High School | −.206 | ||
| Black × Some High School | .285 | ||
| Black × Income | −.009 | ||
| Black × No Home Ownership | −.122 | ||
| Black × Never Married | 1.429** | ||
| Black × Divorced | −.231 | ||
| Black × Widowed | −.665** | ||
| Black × Childless | .257 | ||
| Black × High Parity | .201 | ||
| Black × Teenage Birth | −.296 | ||
| Black × Late Birth | .044 | ||
| Intercept | 4.924*** | 5.171*** | 5.246*** |
| Random age SD | .000 | .000 | .000 |
| Random age2 | .002** | .001** | .001** |
| Random intercept SD | 2.136*** | 2.176*** | 2.203*** |
| Residual SD | 3.005*** | 2.994*** | 3.008*** |
Note: SES = socioeconomic status.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001 (two−tailed tests).