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. 2014 Mar 27;8:90. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00090

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Copyright © 2014 Seseña, Vega and Soto.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MOR activation pathway leading to I_Ca inhibition in the VANs. The use of PTX showed that the I_Ca inhibition by MOR activation is Gα_i/o dependent. Use of paired pulses showed that the VD signaling mechanism does not significantly participate in the I_Ca inhibition. The use of forskolin, 8-Br-cAMP, IBMX, H89, and okadaic acid indicate that the I_Ca inhibition (LVA and HVA) by MOR activation is mediated by the cAMP pathway. Involving the Gα_i/o inhibition, AC inhibition, decreased of cAMP levels, decreased of PKA activity and decreased of PKA-dependent phosphorylation of calcium channels. In the scheme, arrow-endings indicate activation and the line-endings indicate inhibition. The names and lines in red indicate the drugs used. AC, Adenylyl cyclase; GP, G Protein; PDE, Phosphodiesterase; VD, Voltage dependent signaling mechanism; VGCC, Voltage gated calcium channels; VI, Voltage independent signaling mechanism.