Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of randomized participants in SPIKE
| Parameters | |
|---|---|
| Gender (females/males) (%) |
109 / 165 (39.8 / 60.2) |
| Age (years) |
63.7 ± 9.8 |
| Current smoking |
59 (21.5) |
| Current alcohol |
121 (44.2) |
| Hypertension |
161 (58.8) |
| Dyslipidemia |
174 (63.5) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
17.3 ± 8.6 |
| HbA1c (%) |
8.0 ± 1.0 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) |
154.0 ± 48.9 |
| C-peptide immunoreactivity (ng/ml) |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
| Glucagon (pg/ml) |
80.5 ± 25.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) |
25.0 ± 4.0 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
131.1 ± 15.0 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
74.9 ± 11.5 |
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dl) |
192.5 ± 34.3 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) |
55.1 ± 14.5 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) |
129.3 ± 100.7 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) |
108.9 ± 28.7 |
| Remnant-like particle lipoprotein (mg/dl) |
5.1 ± 6.3 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) |
0.7 ± 0.2 |
| urinary albumin excretion (mg/g Cr) |
19.3 [8.3-83.7]* |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dl) |
5.3 ± 1.3 |
| Amylase (U/l) |
70.0 ± 34.5 |
| Serum ICAM-1(ng/ml) |
235.8 ± 90.9 |
| Serum VCAM-1(ng/ml) |
833.6 ± 340.3 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) |
1.8 [1.2-2.9]* |
| hsCRP (mg/dl) |
0.050 [0.024-0.116]* |
| Number of insulin injections |
|
| <2/day |
100 |
| >3/day |
174 |
| Oral glucose-lowering agents |
169 (61.7) |
| Metformin |
97 (35.4) |
| Sulfonylurea |
32 (11.7) |
| Glinides |
21 (7.7) |
| Thiazolidinedones |
24 (8.8) |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor |
83 (30.3) |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs |
147 (53.6) |
| ACE inhibitors |
12 (4.4) |
| ARBs |
122 (44.5) |
| Thiazides |
25 (9.1) |
| CCB |
84 (30.7) |
| Others |
18 (6.6) |
| Lipid-lowering agents |
145 (52.9) |
| Statins |
129 (47.1) |
| Fibrates |
6 (2.2) |
| Others |
25 (9.1) |
| Anti-thrombotic agents |
61 (22.3) |
| Antiplatelets |
58 (21.2) |
| Anticoagulants | 11 (4.0) |
Data are number (%) or mean ± SD, or *median [range].
ICAM-1, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; IL-6, Interleukin 6; hs-CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, Angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, Calcium channel blocker.