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. 2014 Mar 10;4(3):e112. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2014.9

Table 2. Clinical and cardiometabolic characteristic of adolescents and adults stratified by parental history (yes/no).

  Adolescents
 Adults
 Meta-analysis
  Parental diabetic history
 Padjusted Parental diabetic history
 Padjusted Pfixed Prandom Heterogeneity test
  No Yes   No Yes       PQ I2
N 1861 165 — 411 144 — — — — —
Sex (male %) 44.8% (833) 53.9% (89) 0.0239 199 (48%) 69 (48%) 0.9174 — — — —
Age (years) 15.55±2.04 15.76±2.08 0.1265 43.9±8.35 42.51±7.74 0.0807 — — — —
                     
Obesity traits
 Body height (cm) 161.4±8.3 162.3±9.6 0.7238 161.6±8.1 160.4±8.8 0.0108 0.0440 0.2009 0.1058 0.6177
 Body weight (kg) 52.1±11.2 55.3±12.9 0.0081 61.8±10.9 63±12.6 0.1988 0.0048 0.0048 0.3908 0.0000
 Body mass index (kg m−2) 19.9±3.4 20.9±3.9 0.0013 23.6±3.3 24.4±4 0.0071 2.6 × 10−5 2.6 × 10−5 0.9882 0.0000
                     
 Waist circumference (cm)                    
   Male 71.2±8.5 72.8±9.3 0.1382 83.8±8.2 85.5±9.5 0.1378 0.0370 0.0370 0.7954 0.0000
   Female 65.6±6.6 67.5±8 0.0219 74.1±8.3 74.9±9.2 0.3339 0.0150 0.0150 0.5939 0.0000
 Hip circumference (cm) 88.9±7.7 90.4±8.8 0.0693 93.7±5.8 94.6±7.1 0.1562 0.0224 0.0224 0.7465 0.0000
 Waist–hip ratio 0.77±0.05 0.78±0.05 0.0122 0.84±0.07 0.84±0.08 0.1768 0.0045 0.0045 0.8264 0.0000
 Body fat percentage (%) 21.2±6.9 21.9±7.9 0.0292 27.5±6.6 28.6±7.5 0.0565 0.0037 0.0037 0.9854 0.0000
                     
Glucose-related traits
 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol l−1) 4.7±0.35 4.72±0.36 0.5558 4.96±0.62 5.18±0.75 2.1 × 10−4 0.0381 0.2760 0.0016 0.9001
 Fasting plasma insulin (pmol l−1) 46.8 (45.8–47.7) 49.8 (46.4–53.4) 0.0377 44.4 (41.3–47.8) 53.6 (47.9–60.1) 0.0113 0.0028 0.0314 0.1753 0.4555
 HOMA-IR 1.62 (1.59–1.66) 1.73 (1.61–1.87) 0.0393 1.62 (1.51–1.75) 2.05 (1.82–2.31) 0.0023 0.0013 0.0638 0.0675 0.7009
 HOMA-β 135.8 (132.8–139) 143.5 (133.1–154.7) 0.1113 109 (100.9–117.8) 115.5 (102.1–130.6) 0.6061 0.0993 0.0993 0.7663 0.0000
 2-h glucose (mmol l−1)a 6.05±1.61 6.15±1.5 0.6928 6.39±2.31 6.79±2.75 0.0488 0.0732 0.0732 0.3577 0.0000
 2-h insulin (pmol l−1)a 460.8 (415.9–510.5) 492 (376–643.8) 0.6031 271.4 (252.8–291.5) 313.7 (276.3–356.3) 0.0535 0.0495 0.0495 0.6937 0.0000
 Glucose AUC during OGTT at 0–120 mina 814.9±160.9 835.7±140.3 0.4652 893.8±224 954.5±263.4 0.0027 0.0045 0.0318 0.2151 0.3492
 Insulin AUC during OGTT at 0–120 mina 59702 (55381–64360) 56779 (45538–70795) 0.7045 36227 (34372–38182) 40664 (36720–45032) 0.0587 0.1274 0.3453 0.2353 0.2899
 Insulinogenic indexa 32 (29–35.4) 27.6 (21–36.1) 0.3145 13.2 (12.2–14.3) 12.8 (10.9–15.1) 0.5342 0.3028 0.3028 0.5594 0.0000
 Insulin sensitivity indexa 68.2 (62.7–74.3) 63.3 (49.8–80.4) 0.4803 93.8 (88.4–99.6) 77 (69.2–85.6) 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.4284 0.0000
 Oral disposition indexa 17.64 (15.9–19.57) 12.64 (10.36–15.43) 0.0294 8.46 (7.65–9.36) 6.21 (5.15–7.48) 0.0015 1.1 × 10−4 1.1 × 10−4 0.9682 0.0000
                     
Blood pressure
  Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 116.8±12.6 118.4±13.8 0.3760 117±17.8 119.3±19 0.0387 0.0654 0.1319 0.1947 0.4055
  Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 72.6±9.2 71.8±9.9 0.3419 75.5±10.7 77.1±11.7 0.0419 0.6244 0.6748 0.0281 0.7926
                     
Lipid profile
 Total cholesterol (mmol l−1) 4.17±0.7 4.19±0.72 0.5544 5.21±0.93 5.32±0.98 0.0849 0.1500 0.1842 0.2624 0.2038
 Triglycerides (mmol l−1) 0.76 (0.75–0.77) 0.77 (0.73–0.82) 0.4085 1.07 (1.01–1.12) 1.18 (1.08–1.29) 0.0183 0.0465 0.1481 0.1275 0.5696
 HDL cholesterol (mmol l−1) 1.6±0.31 1.6±0.32 0.9900 1.59±0.42 1.53±0.4 0.0970 0.3504 0.4095 0.1691 0.4713
 LDL cholesterol (mmol l−1) 2.2±0.6 2.21±0.65 0.6292 3.06±0.84 3.19±0.85 0.0351 0.1275 0.2445 0.1234 0.5788
                     
Cardiovascular risk factor
 Albumin-creatinine ratio 0.61 (0.58–0.64) 0.58 (0.49–0.68) 0.7971 0.81 (0.73–0.89) 0.88 (0.73–1.08) 0.2856 0.6159 0.6159 0.3280 0.0000

Abbreviations: AUC, areas under the curve; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homoeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.

Data were expressed as n, %, mean±s.d. or geometric mean (95% confidence interval).

Padjusted refers to P-value obtained from linear regression adjusted by sex and age.

Pfixed and Prandom refer to P-value obtained from meta-analysis using fixed- and random-effect model, respectively.

PQ refers to P-value of Cochran's Q statistics in heterogeneity test.

I2 index is used to quantify the degree of heterogeneity of β-coefficient. I2 values around 25, 50 and 75% would mean low, medium and high heterogeneity.

a

Indicates only a subset of samples (285 adolescents and 555 adults) who were included in the analysis.