Table 1. Positive and inverse associations with premenopausal and postmenopausal female breast cancer and male breast cancera.
| Associations |
Premenopausal female breast cancer |
Postmenopausal female breast cancer |
Male breast cancer |
| High risk |
Family history of breast cancer
Late age at first birth |
Family history of breast cancer
Late age at first birth
High blood oestrogen |
Family history of breast cancer
Kleinfelter's syndrome
Testicular or liver damage
Oestrogen intake
Radiation exposure |
| Moderate risk |
Height
Low BMI
Benign breast disease
Early menarche
Current/recent OC use
Cowden syndrome
Alcohol
Radiation exposure
Birth weight |
Height
High BMI
Benign breast disease
Early menarche
Late menopause
Current/recent HRT use
Obesity
Alcohol
Radiation exposure
Type II diabetes
In-utero diethylstilboestrol |
Cowden syndrome
Occupational exposure (heat)
High BMI
Obesity |
| Suspected risk |
Low vitamin D intake
High blood IGF-1 |
High blood prolactin
Birth order |
Occupational exposure (exhaust emissions, magnetic fields)
Alcohol
Birth order |
| Inverse associations | Childhood overweight Parity Extended breast feeding Tamoxifen | Childhood overweight Parity Extended breast feeding Tamoxifen Physical activity | Physical activity |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; HRT=hormone replacement therapy; IGF-1=insulin-like growth factor 1; OC=oral contraceptive.