Table 2.
Biochemical analysis data and estimates of daily nutrient intake according to diets and APOA5 -1131 T > C genotype at baseline and 12 weeks
| |
Whole grains and legumes (
n
= 92) |
Refined rice (
n
= 93) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
TT (
n
= 41) |
C allele (
n
= 51) |
TT (
n
= 43) |
C allele (
n
= 50) |
||||
| Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | |
| Glucose (mg/dL)∮ |
107.9 ± 2.67 |
97.9 ± 2.12*** |
107.7 ± 2.83 |
100.4 ± 2.54*** |
105.9 ± 2.21 |
108.8 ± 2.51†,e |
110.1 ± 2.39 |
111.5 ± 2.59f |
| Insulin (uIU/mL)∮ |
9.96 ± 0.86 |
8.69 ± 0.65† |
9.49 ± 0.75 |
8.54 ± 0.76** |
9.54 ± 0.76 |
9.65 ± 0.76 |
9.49 ± 0.62 |
10.0 ± 0.77 |
| HOMA-IR∮ |
2.61 ± 0.25 |
2.06 ± 0.16** |
2.46 ± 0.22 |
2.08 ± 0.21** |
2.51 ± 0.23 |
2.60 ± 0.24 |
2.52 ± 0.18 |
2.72 ± 0.25f |
| Free fatty acid (uEq/L)∮ |
564.1 ± 34.8 |
567.0 ± 29.5 |
548.9 ± 28.5 |
583.8 ± 29.9 |
548.0 ± 30.0 |
549.8 ± 37.3 |
535.6 ± 24.4 |
558.7 ± 31.5 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL)∮ |
139.8 ± 7.56 |
123.6 ± 6.85*** |
186.7 ± 11.4a |
173.3 ± 16.8**,b |
137.1 ± 11.3 |
136.3 ± 11.5 |
170.9 ± 10.7c |
218.1 ± 21.7***,d,f |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)∮ |
52.3 ± 1.70 |
54.9 ± 1.94† |
48.6 ± 1.37 |
51.2 ± 1.51* |
55.1 ± 2.21 |
55.9 ± 1.98 |
48.2 ± 1.88c |
49.3 ± 1.93d |
| ApoA-V (ng/dL)∮ |
225.8 ± 10.2 |
249.6 ± 14.0† |
190.0 ± 9.03a |
215.7 ± 9.70** |
241.2 ± 11.1 |
239.5 ± 12.7 |
194.9 ± 10.2c |
223.9 ± 9.92** |
| Total energy expenditure (kcal/d) |
2050.8 ± 43.4 |
2046.2 ± 42.3 |
2047.2 ± 49.2 |
2037.8 ± 45.6 |
2018.5 ± 44.9 |
2009.7 ± 41.5 |
2066.4 ± 36.7 |
2055.0 ± 34.8 |
| Estimates of daily nutrient intakes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Energy intake (kcal/d) |
2261.8 ± 47.0 |
2266.0 ± 45.3 |
2205.2 ± 52.4 |
2189.4 ± 45.1 |
2128.6 ± 45.3 |
2120.3 ± 43.0 |
2213.5 ± 39.9 |
2204.6 ± 38.6 |
| Carbohydrate (%) |
64.9 ± 0.93 |
58.9 ± 0.61*** |
65.4 ± 0.44 |
60.2 ± 0.59*** |
65.8 ± 0.82 |
65.0 ± 0.46e |
64.6 ± 1.02 |
64.0 ± 0.56f |
| Protein (%) |
17.1 ± 0.41 |
20.1 ± 0.25*** |
17.4 ± 0.29 |
20.4 ± 0.25*** |
7.4 ± 0.22 |
17.3 ± 0.20e |
17.2 ± 0.37 |
16.7 ± 0.31f |
| Fat (%) |
21.7 ± 0.59 |
24.7 ± 0.58*** |
21.6 ± 0.49 |
24.3 ± 0.55*** |
21.2 ± 0.43 |
21.8 ± 0.50e |
21.4 ± 0.61 |
21.2 ± 0.46 f |
| Crude fiber (g)∮ |
8.86 ± 0.46 |
11.9 ± 0.58*** |
10.7 ± 0.64 |
13.4 ± 0.79*** |
10.4 ± 0.65 |
10.6 ± 0.70 |
10.3 ± 0.71 |
10.0 ± 0.52f |
| PUFA/SFA∮ | 1.59 ± 0.14 | 1.82 ± 0.12* | 1.65 ± 0.13 | 1.85 ± 0.11* | 1.76 ± 0.15 | 1.73 ± 0.15 | 1.65 ± 0.14 | 1.49 ± 0.13f |
Means ± S.E. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment, PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.
∮tested by logarithmic transformation.
a P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at whole grains and legumes at baseline.
b P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at whole grain treatment at 12 week follow-up.
c P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at refined rice at baseline.
d P < 0.05 comparison between TT and C allele at refined rice at 12 week follow-up.
e P < 0.05 comparison between TT at whole grain and refined rice at 12 week follow-up.
f P < 0.05 comparison between C allele at whole grain and refined rice at 12 week follow-up.
†P < 0.1, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with the level at baseline in each group by paired t-test.